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effect the recovery

  • 1 recuperación

    f.
    1 recuperation, recapture, rescue, retrieval.
    2 recovery, cure, comeback, pickup.
    * * *
    1 recovery, recuperation, retrieval
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=vuelta a la normalidad) [de economía, divisa] recovery; [de enfermo, paciente] recovery, recuperation más frm
    2) (=reutilización)
    a) [de edificio] restoration; [de tierras] reclamation; [de chatarra, vidrio] salvage
    b) [de algo perdido, olvidado] revival
    3) [de dinero, joyas] recovery; (Com) [de costes, pérdidas] recovery, recoupment frm
    4) Esp (Educ) (=examen) resit
    5) (Inform) retrieval
    * * *
    1) (de enfermo, economía) recovery
    2)
    a) (de dinero, botín) recovery, recouping
    b) ( de la vista) recovery
    3) (Esp) (Educ) tb

    examen de recuperación — retake, makeup (exam) (AmE)

    * * *
    = recall, recovery, retrieval, salvage, reclamation, retrieval process, second wind, salvaging, comeback, rebound.
    Ex. As discussed above, precision, or the proportion of relevant documents retrieved, is related to recall, the extent of retrieval of relevant documents.
    Ex. A library fulfils its function of information retrieval by maintaining some system for the recovery of documents from its collection.
    Ex. DBMS are essentially programming frameworks, and can offer good storage and retrieval, but often are intended for programmers to interact with, and thus may need a programmer in order to make them usable to libraries.
    Ex. Its purpose is to provide advice and on-site salvage assistance to those organisations having documentary resources that are damaged in a natural or man-made disaster.
    Ex. The steps to be followed in the reclamation and restoration of library materials should be set out.
    Ex. The analyser ensures the independence of the retrieval process.
    Ex. The article 'Cost-plus pricing: an old nag with a second wind?' suggests that this technique is the most transparent and equitable system yet devised.
    Ex. In contrast to Bush who seems poised to recklessly waste more lives and resources in pursuit of his ideological mission and the salvaging of his legacy.
    Ex. Fish hawks needed a helping hand and their comeback is one of the great wildlife success stories of our time.
    Ex. Information technology tycoons have made a surprising rebound from the technology bubble burst to top this year's China rich people list.
    ----
    * almacenamiento y recuperación = storage and retrieval.
    * almacenamiento y recuperación automatizada de la información = computerised information retrieval and storage.
    * almacenamiento y recuperación de la información = information storage and retrieval (ISR).
    * conocimientos básicos de búsqueda, recuperación y organización de la informa = information literacy.
    * cuidar a Alguien hasta su recuperación = nurse + Nombre + back to health.
    * efectuar una recuperación = effect + retrieval.
    * eficacia de la recuperación = retrieval effectiveness.
    * en recuperación = on the rebound.
    * especialista en recuperación = retrievalist.
    * estudiante de recuperación = remedial.
    * exhaustividad en la recuperación = recall.
    * herramienta de recuperación de información = retrieval tool.
    * índice de exhaustividad de la recuperación = recall measure.
    * instrumento de recuperación = recall device.
    * instrumento para la recuperación = access tool.
    * lenguaje de recuperación = retrieval language.
    * modelo de recuperación de información por coincidencia óptima = best match model.
    * pertinente a la recuperación = retrieval-related.
    * plan de recuperación tras un siniestro = disaster recovery, disaster recovery plan.
    * planificación de recuperación tras siniestros = disaster recovery planning.
    * proceso de recuperación = retrieval process.
    * programas de recuperación = retrieval software.
    * recuperación automática = automated retrieval.
    * recuperación de costes = cost recovery.
    * recuperación de fotografías = picture retrieval.
    * recuperación de imágenes = image retrieval.
    * recuperación de imágenes digitales = digital image retrieval.
    * recuperación de imágenes fotográficas = picture retrieval.
    * recuperación de imágenes por el contenido = content-based image retrieval.
    * recuperación de información = data retrieval.
    * recuperación de información de lógica difusa = fuzzy data retrieval, fuzzy data retrieval.
    * recuperación de información en varias lenguas = cross-language information retrieval (CLIR).
    * recuperación de información (RI) = information retrieval (IR).
    * recuperación de la energía = second wind.
    * recuperación de referencias = reference retrieval.
    * recuperación de texto = text retrieval.
    * recuperación de texto completo = full text retrieval.
    * recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval.
    * recuperación documental = document retrieval.
    * recuperación económica = economic recovery.
    * recuperación en línea = online retrieval.
    * recuperación por materias = subject access, subject retrieval.
    * recuperación por quórum = quorum matching.
    * recuperación retrospectiva = retrospective retrieval.
    * servicio de recuperación en línea = online retrieval service.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación = computerised document retrieval system, computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de documentos = computerised document retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de información = computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema de almacenamiento y recuperación de la información = information storage and retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación = retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de imágenes = image retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información = IR system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información por medio de menús = menu-based information retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación por relevancia = relevance system.
    * sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.
    * técnica de recuperación de información por coincidencia óptima = best match technique.
    * técnica de recuperación por medio de la lógica difusa = fuzzy IR technique.
    * * *
    1) (de enfermo, economía) recovery
    2)
    a) (de dinero, botín) recovery, recouping
    b) ( de la vista) recovery
    3) (Esp) (Educ) tb

    examen de recuperación — retake, makeup (exam) (AmE)

    * * *
    = recall, recovery, retrieval, salvage, reclamation, retrieval process, second wind, salvaging, comeback, rebound.

    Ex: As discussed above, precision, or the proportion of relevant documents retrieved, is related to recall, the extent of retrieval of relevant documents.

    Ex: A library fulfils its function of information retrieval by maintaining some system for the recovery of documents from its collection.
    Ex: DBMS are essentially programming frameworks, and can offer good storage and retrieval, but often are intended for programmers to interact with, and thus may need a programmer in order to make them usable to libraries.
    Ex: Its purpose is to provide advice and on-site salvage assistance to those organisations having documentary resources that are damaged in a natural or man-made disaster.
    Ex: The steps to be followed in the reclamation and restoration of library materials should be set out.
    Ex: The analyser ensures the independence of the retrieval process.
    Ex: The article 'Cost-plus pricing: an old nag with a second wind?' suggests that this technique is the most transparent and equitable system yet devised.
    Ex: In contrast to Bush who seems poised to recklessly waste more lives and resources in pursuit of his ideological mission and the salvaging of his legacy.
    Ex: Fish hawks needed a helping hand and their comeback is one of the great wildlife success stories of our time.
    Ex: Information technology tycoons have made a surprising rebound from the technology bubble burst to top this year's China rich people list.
    * almacenamiento y recuperación = storage and retrieval.
    * almacenamiento y recuperación automatizada de la información = computerised information retrieval and storage.
    * almacenamiento y recuperación de la información = information storage and retrieval (ISR).
    * conocimientos básicos de búsqueda, recuperación y organización de la informa = information literacy.
    * cuidar a Alguien hasta su recuperación = nurse + Nombre + back to health.
    * efectuar una recuperación = effect + retrieval.
    * eficacia de la recuperación = retrieval effectiveness.
    * en recuperación = on the rebound.
    * especialista en recuperación = retrievalist.
    * estudiante de recuperación = remedial.
    * exhaustividad en la recuperación = recall.
    * herramienta de recuperación de información = retrieval tool.
    * índice de exhaustividad de la recuperación = recall measure.
    * instrumento de recuperación = recall device.
    * instrumento para la recuperación = access tool.
    * lenguaje de recuperación = retrieval language.
    * modelo de recuperación de información por coincidencia óptima = best match model.
    * pertinente a la recuperación = retrieval-related.
    * plan de recuperación tras un siniestro = disaster recovery, disaster recovery plan.
    * planificación de recuperación tras siniestros = disaster recovery planning.
    * proceso de recuperación = retrieval process.
    * programas de recuperación = retrieval software.
    * recuperación automática = automated retrieval.
    * recuperación de costes = cost recovery.
    * recuperación de fotografías = picture retrieval.
    * recuperación de imágenes = image retrieval.
    * recuperación de imágenes digitales = digital image retrieval.
    * recuperación de imágenes fotográficas = picture retrieval.
    * recuperación de imágenes por el contenido = content-based image retrieval.
    * recuperación de información = data retrieval.
    * recuperación de información de lógica difusa = fuzzy data retrieval, fuzzy data retrieval.
    * recuperación de información en varias lenguas = cross-language information retrieval (CLIR).
    * recuperación de información (RI) = information retrieval (IR).
    * recuperación de la energía = second wind.
    * recuperación de referencias = reference retrieval.
    * recuperación de texto = text retrieval.
    * recuperación de texto completo = full text retrieval.
    * recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval.
    * recuperación documental = document retrieval.
    * recuperación económica = economic recovery.
    * recuperación en línea = online retrieval.
    * recuperación por materias = subject access, subject retrieval.
    * recuperación por quórum = quorum matching.
    * recuperación retrospectiva = retrospective retrieval.
    * servicio de recuperación en línea = online retrieval service.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación = computerised document retrieval system, computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de documentos = computerised document retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de información = computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema de almacenamiento y recuperación de la información = information storage and retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación = retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de imágenes = image retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información = IR system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información por medio de menús = menu-based information retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación por relevancia = relevance system.
    * sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.
    * técnica de recuperación de información por coincidencia óptima = best match technique.
    * técnica de recuperación por medio de la lógica difusa = fuzzy IR technique.

    * * *
    A (de una enfermedad) recovery, recuperation ( frml); (de la economía) recovery
    le deseamos una pronta recuperación we wish you a speedy recovery
    B
    1 (de dinero, un botín) recovery, recouping
    2 (de la democracia) restoration
    el proceso de recuperación de la democracia en la zona the process of restoring democracy to the region
    3 (de la vista) recovery
    4 (de un delincuente) rehabilitation
    C
    ( Esp) ( Educ) tb examen de recuperación retake exam, makeup exam o test ( AmE), resit ( BrE)
    * * *

     

    recuperación sustantivo femenino

    b) (Esp) (Educ) tb


    recuperación sustantivo femenino
    1 recovery
    2 (de una asignatura) resit, retake
    ' recuperación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    curación
    English:
    after-care
    - miraculous
    - over
    - recovery
    - recuperation
    - remedial
    - retrieval
    - underrated
    - make
    - resilience
    - resilient
    - road
    - well
    * * *
    1. [de lo perdido, la salud, la economía] recovery;
    [de información] retrieval; [de espacios naturales] reclamation
    2. [rehabilitación] [de local, edificio] refurbishment
    recuperación paisajística improving the visual environment
    3. Informát [de información dañada] recovery
    recuperación de datos data recovery
    4. [reciclaje] recovery
    5. [examen] resit;
    (clase de) recuperación = extra class for pupils or students who have to retake their exams
    6. [fisioterapia] physiotherapy
    7. [en baloncesto] steal
    * * *
    f
    1 tb fig
    recovery
    2 en baloncesto steal
    * * *
    1) : recovery, recuperation
    2)
    recuperación de datos : data retrieval
    * * *
    1. (en general) recovery
    2. (examen) resit
    se presentó a la recuperación de dos asignaturas en septiembre he resat two exams in September / he took two resits in September

    Spanish-English dictionary > recuperación

  • 2 repunte

    m.
    rally, recovery.
    un repunte de la inflación a slight rise in inflation
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: repuntar.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [de mar] turn of the tide; [de río] level
    2) (=mejora) upturn, recovery
    3) And (Econ) rise in share prices
    4) LAm (Agr) round-up
    * * *
    masculino (Fin) (de precios, cotizaciones) recovery, rally; (de industria, economía) upturn, recovery
    * * *
    = upturn, rebound, pickup [pick-up].
    Ex. The only hope for the future of the industry lies in a general upturn in the economy.
    Ex. Information technology tycoons have made a surprising rebound from the technology bubble burst to top this year's China rich people list.
    Ex. All this will definitely have a rub-off effect on the aluminium industry which will benefit because of the pick-up in the global economy.
    * * *
    masculino (Fin) (de precios, cotizaciones) recovery, rally; (de industria, economía) upturn, recovery
    * * *
    = upturn, rebound, pickup [pick-up].

    Ex: The only hope for the future of the industry lies in a general upturn in the economy.

    Ex: Information technology tycoons have made a surprising rebound from the technology bubble burst to top this year's China rich people list.
    Ex: All this will definitely have a rub-off effect on the aluminium industry which will benefit because of the pick-up in the global economy.

    * * *
    A ( Fin)
    1 (de precios, cotizaciones) recovery, rally
    un leve repunte en las operaciones bursátiles a slight recovery o upturn o rally in dealings on the stock exchange
    a pesar del repunte del dólar despite the rally by the dollar, despite the recovery of the dollar
    2 (de una industria, la economía) upturn, recovery
    un ligero repunte económico a slight economic upturn o recovery
    repunte en las ventas an upturn in sales
    B
    1
    (de la marea): con el repunte de la marea when the tide begins to ebb/flow, when the tide turns
    C ( Chi) (de una planta) sprouting
    D ( Chi) (de ganado) driving
    * * *

    Del verbo repuntar: ( conjugate repuntar)

    repunté es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    repunte es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    repuntar    
    repunte
    repuntar verbo intransitivo to recover, pick up, improve, rally
    repunte sustantivo masculino recovery, rally: se espera un repunte de la industria pesquera, an upturn in the fishing industry is expected
    ' repunte' also found in these entries:
    English:
    up
    * * *
    1. Fin [de valores, precios] rally, recovery;
    un repunte de la inflación a slight rise in inflation;
    se ha producido un repunte de los precios there has been a slight price rise o a rise in prices;
    un repunte navideño de las ventas a slight upturn in sales over the Christmas period
    2. [de marea] turning
    * * *
    m de valores, precios rally, upturn;
    repunte económico economic upturn

    Spanish-English dictionary > repunte

  • 3 bibliografía analítica

    Ex. Analytical (or critical) bibliography is the examination of books as tangible objects with a view to the recovery of the details of the physical process of their manufacture, and the analysis of the effect of this production process on the physical characteristics of any specific copy of a book.
    * * *

    Ex: Analytical (or critical) bibliography is the examination of books as tangible objects with a view to the recovery of the details of the physical process of their manufacture, and the analysis of the effect of this production process on the physical characteristics of any specific copy of a book.

    Spanish-English dictionary > bibliografía analítica

  • 4 atenuación

    f.
    attenuation, mitigation, extenuation.
    * * *
    1 attenuation, lessening
    2 DERECHO extenuation
    * * *
    SF (=aminoración) attenuation; (Ling) understatement; [de efectos etc] lessening; (Jur) extenuation
    * * *
    femenino ( moderación) toning down; ( de responsabilidad) reduction
    * * *
    = mitigation, attenuation.
    Ex. Recommendations are made for potential public library involvement in the four phases of comprehensive emergency management: mitigation/long-term prevention, preparedness to respond, response to emergencies, and the recovery.
    Ex. The effects of precipitation and foliage attenuation and depolarization are considered to have negligible effect on the microwave mobile systems.
    * * *
    femenino ( moderación) toning down; ( de responsabilidad) reduction
    * * *
    = mitigation, attenuation.

    Ex: Recommendations are made for potential public library involvement in the four phases of comprehensive emergency management: mitigation/long-term prevention, preparedness to respond, response to emergencies, and the recovery.

    Ex: The effects of precipitation and foliage attenuation and depolarization are considered to have negligible effect on the microwave mobile systems.

    * * *
    1 (moderación) toning down
    2 (de la responsabilidad) lessening, reduction
    * * *
    1. [de dolor] easing, alleviation;
    [de sonido, luz] attenuation
    2. Der [de responsabilidad] extenuation, mitigation
    * * *
    f lessening
    * * *
    1) : lessening
    2) : understatement

    Spanish-English dictionary > atenuación

  • 5 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
    56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.
    57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.
    58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.
    59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.
    60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.
    61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.
    62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.
    63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.
    64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.
    65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.
    66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.
    67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.
    68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.
    69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.
    70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.
    71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.
    72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.
    73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.
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    838. Ticho, E. (1972) Termination of psychoanalysis. PQ, 41.
    839. Tolpin, M. (1970) The infantile neurosis. PSOC, 25.
    840. Tolpin, M. (1971) On the beginnings of a cohesive self. PSOC. 26.
    841. Tolpin, M. & Kohut, H. (1980) The disorders of the self. In: The Course of Life, ed. S. Greenspan & G. Pollock. Washington, B. C.: U. S. Dept. Health and Human Services.
    842. Turkle, S. (1986) A review of Grosskurth, P.: Molanie Klein. New York: Times Books, Review, May 18, 1986.
    843. Tyson, P. Development. PMC. Forthcoming.
    844. Tyson, P. (1982) A developmental line of gender identity, gender role, and choice of love object. JAPA, 30.
    845. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. Development. PMC. Forthcoming.
    846. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. The psychoanalitic theory of development. PMC. Forthcoming.
    847. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. (1984) Narcissism and superego development. JAPA, 34.
    848. Tyson, R. & Sundler, J. (1971) Problems in the selection of patients for psychoanalysis. Brit. J. Med. Psychol., 44.
    849. Valenstein, A. F. (1979) The concept of "classical" psycho-analysis. JAPA. 27. (suppl.).
    850. Volkan, V. D. (1981) Linking Objects and Linking Phenomena. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    851. Waelder, R. (1930) The principle of multiple function. PQ, 5.
    852. Waelder, R. (1962) Book review of Psychoanalysis, Scientific Method and Philosophy, ed. S. Hook. JAPA, 10.
    853. Waelder, R. (1962) Psychoanalysis scientific method, and philosophy. JAPA, 10.
    854. Waelder, R. (1963) Psychic determinism and the possibility of prediction. PQ, 32.
    855. Waelder, R. (1967) Trauma and the variety of extraordinary challenges. In: Fuest (1967).
    856. Waelder, R. (1967) Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety: forty years later. PQ, 36.
    857. Waldhorn, H. F. (1960) Assessment of analyzability. PQ, 29.
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    859. Wallace, E. R. (1983) Freud and Anthropology. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
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    865. Wangh, M. (1979) Some psychoanalytic observations on boredom. IJP, 60.
    866. Weinshel, E. M. (1968) Some psychoanalytic considerations on moods. IJP, 51.
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    874. Wiedeman, G. Sexuality. PMC. Forthcoming.
    875. Wiedeman, G. (1962) Survey of psychoanalytic literature on overt male homosexuality. JAPA, 10.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 6 взыскивать в бесспорном порядке

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > взыскивать в бесспорном порядке

  • 7 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance

       The world's oldest diplomatic connection and alliance, an enduring arrangement between two very different nations and peoples, with important practical consequences in the domestic and foreign affairs of both Great Britain (England before 1707) and Portugal. The history of this remarkable alliance, which has had commercial and trade, political, foreign policy, cultural, and imperial aspects, can be outlined in part with a list of the main alliance treaties after the first treaty of commerce and friendship signed between the monarchs of England and Portugal in 1373. This was followed in 1386 by the Treaty of Windsor; then in 1654, 1661, 1703, the Methuen Treaty; and in 1810 and 1899 another treaty also signed at Windsor.
       Common interests in the defense of the nation and its overseas empire (in the case of Portugal, after 1415; in the case of England, after 1650) were partly based on characteristics and common enemies both countries shared. Even in the late Middle Ages, England and Portugal faced common enemies: large continental countries that threatened the interests and sovereignty of both, especially France and Spain. In this sense, the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance has always been a defensive alliance in which each ally would assist the other when necessary against its enemies. In the case of Portugal, that enemy invariably was Spain (or component states thereof, such as Castile and Leon) and sometimes France (i.e., when Napoleon's armies invaded and conquered Portugal as of late 1807). In the case of England, that foe was often France and sometimes Spain as well.
       Beginning in the late 14th century, England and Portugal forged this unusual relationship, formalized with several treaties that came into direct use during a series of dynastic, imperial, naval, and commercial conflicts between 1373 and 1961, the historic period when the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance had its most practical political significance. The relative world power and importance of each ally has varied over the centuries. During the period 1373-1580, the allies were similar in respective ranking in European affairs, and during the period 1480-1550, if anything, Portugal was a greater world power with a more important navy than England. During 1580-1810, Portugal fell to the status of a third-rank European power and, during 1810-1914, England was perhaps the premier world power. During 1914-61, England's world position slipped while Portugal made a slow recovery but remained a third- or fourth-rank power.
       The commercial elements of the alliance have always involved an exchange of goods between two seafaring, maritime peoples with different religions and political systems but complementary economies. The 1703 Methuen Treaty establ ished a trade link that endured for centuries and bore greater advantages for England than for Portugal, although Portugal derived benefits: English woolens for Portuguese wines, especially port, other agricultural produce, and fish. Since the signing of the Methuen Treaty, there has been a vigorous debate both in politics and in historical scholarship as to how much each nation benefited economically from the arrangement in which Portugal eventually became dependent upon England and the extent to which Portugal became a kind of economic colony of Britain during the period from 1703 to 1910.
       There is a vast literature on the Alliance, much of it in Portuguese and by Portuguese writers, which is one expression of the development of modern Portuguese nationalism. During the most active phase of the alliance, from 1650 to 1945, there is no doubt but that the core of the mutual interests of the allies amounted to the proposition that Portugal's independence as a nation in Iberia and the integrity of its overseas empire, the third largest among the colonial powers as of 1914, were defended by England, who in turn benefited from the use by the Royal Navy of Portugal's home and colonial ports in times of war and peace. A curious impact on Portuguese and popular usage had also come about and endured through the impact of dealings with the English allies. The idiom in Portuguese, "é para inglês ver," means literally "it is for the Englishman to see," but figuratively it really means, "it is merely for show."
       The practical defense side of the alliance was effectively dead by the end of World War II, but perhaps the most definitive indication of the end of the political significance of an alliance that still continues in other spheres occurred in December 1961, when the army of the Indian Union invaded Portugal's colonial enclaves in western India, Goa, Damão, and Diu. While both nations were now North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies, their interests clashed when it came to imperial and Commonwealth conflicts and policies. Portugal asked Britain for military assistance in the use of British bases against the army of Britain's largest former colony, India. But Portugal was, in effect, refused assistance by her oldest ally. If the alliance continues into the 21st century, its essence is historical, nostalgic, commercial, and cultural.
        See also Catherine of Braganza.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Anglo-Portuguese Alliance

  • 8 воздушный

    аварийная связь с воздушным судном
    air distress communication
    аварийная ситуация с воздушным судном
    aircraft emergency
    аварийные воздушные перевозки
    distress traffic
    авиатрасса верхнего воздушного пространства
    high-level airway
    авиатрасса нижнего воздушного пространства
    low-level airway
    авиационный двигатель воздушного охлаждения
    air-cooled engine
    автоматическое выравнивание воздушного судна перед посадкой
    autoflare
    авторотация воздушного винта
    propeller windmilling
    авторотирующий воздушный винт
    windmilling propeller
    агентство по отправке грузов воздушным транспортом
    air freight forwarder
    административное воздушное судно
    executive aircraft
    ангар для воздушного судна
    aircraft shed
    аренда воздушного судна
    aircraft lease
    аренда воздушного судна без экипажа
    1. aircraft dry lease
    2. aircraft drylease аренда воздушного судна вместе с экипажем
    aircraft wet lease
    арендатор воздушного судна
    lessee of an aircraft
    арендованное воздушное судно
    leased aircraft
    арендовать воздушное судно
    lease an aircraft
    Ассоциация воздушного транспорта США
    air Transport
    Ассоциация воздушных перевозчиков
    National Air Carrier
    аудиовизуальная система имитации воздушного движения
    air traffic audio simulation system
    (для тренажеров) аэродинамически сбалансированное воздушное судно
    airodynamically balanced aircraft
    аэродром для реактивных воздушных судов
    jet aerodrome
    аэродром местных воздушных линий
    domestic aerodrome
    аэродромный обогреватель воздушного судна
    aircraft heater
    аэродром совместного базирования гражданского и военных воздушных судов
    joint civil and military aerodrome
    аэронавигационная карта воздушных подходов
    aeronautical approach chart
    аэропорт высокой плотности воздушного движения
    high-density airport
    база ремонта воздушных судов
    aircraft repair depot
    балансировать воздушное судно
    1. balance the aircraft
    2. trim the aircraft балансировать воздушный винт
    balance the propeller
    балансировка воздушного винта
    propeller balance
    балансировка воздушного судна
    aircraft trim
    безопасное управление воздушным судном
    safe handling of an aircraft
    безопасность воздушного движения
    air safety
    безопасный срок службы воздушного судна
    aircraft safe life
    бесшумное воздушное судно
    quiet aircraft
    биение воздушного винта
    airscrew knock
    борт воздушного судна
    aircraft side
    бортовая кухня воздушного судна
    aircraft galley
    бортовой регистрационный знак воздушного судна
    aircraft registration mark
    бригада для перегонки воздушных судов
    delivery group
    бригада технического обслуживания воздушных судов
    aircraft maintenance team
    буксировать воздушное судно хвостом вперед
    push the aircraft back
    буксировочный узел воздушного судна
    aircraft towing point
    вал воздушного винта
    propeller shaft
    вводить воздушное судно в крен
    roll in the aircraft
    ведомость дефектов воздушного судна
    aircraft defects list
    вектор воздушной скорости
    airspeed vector
    верхнее воздушное пространство
    1. upper air
    2. upper air area весовая категория воздушного судна
    aircraft weight category
    весовая классификация воздушного судна
    aircraft breakdown
    взаимодействие воздушных потоков
    air flow interaction
    вид воздушного судна
    aircraft category
    винтовое воздушное судно
    prop-driven aircraft
    владелец сертификата на воздушное судно
    aircraft certificate holder
    влияние спутной струи от воздушного винта
    slipstream effect
    влиять на состояние воздушного судна
    effect on an aircraft
    вместимость воздушного судна
    aircraft capacity
    вне воздушной трассы
    off-airway
    внезапное отклонение воздушного судна
    aircraft sudden swerve
    внимание, отвлеченное от управления воздушным судном
    diverted attention from operation
    возвращать воздушное судно
    bring the aircraft back
    воздушная болезнь
    airsickness
    воздушная волна
    air wave
    воздушная заслонка
    air flap
    воздушная зона
    air side
    воздушная линия
    air line
    воздушная масса
    air mass
    воздушная обстановка
    air situation
    воздушная обстановка в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome air picture
    воздушная опора
    air bearing
    воздушная перевозка
    1. air carriage
    2. air conveyance 3. air movement 4. skylift воздушная перевозка за плату
    air operation for remuneration
    воздушная перевозка по найму
    air operation for hire
    воздушная перевозка типа инклюзив тур
    inclusive tour
    воздушная подушка
    air cushion
    воздушная подушка у земли
    ground cushion
    воздушная почта
    air mail
    воздушная пробка
    air lock
    воздушная система запуска двигателей
    air starting system
    воздушная скорость
    airspeed
    воздушная смесительная камера
    air-mixing chamber
    воздушная трасса
    1. airway
    2. air track 3. skyway 4. air lane 5. air route 6. air path воздушная турбина
    air turbine
    воздушная турбулентность
    air turbulence
    воздушная ударная волна
    air blast
    воздушная цель
    air target
    воздушная яма
    air pocket
    воздушная яма на пути полета
    in flight bump
    воздушное барражирование
    air loitering
    воздушное движение
    1. air traffic
    2. traffic flow воздушное охлаждение
    air cooling
    воздушное пиратство
    air piracy
    воздушное право
    air law
    воздушное пространство
    1. airspace
    2. midair воздушное пространство с запретом визуальных полетов
    visual exempted airspace
    воздушное путешествие
    1. air trip
    2. air travel воздушное сообщение
    air communication
    воздушное судно
    1. aircraft
    2. ship воздушное судно без экипажа
    bare hull
    воздушное судно большой вместимости
    high-capacity aircraft
    воздушное судно большой дальности полетов
    long-distance aircraft
    воздушное судно вертикального взлета и посадки
    vertical takeoff and landing aircraft
    воздушное судно в зоне ожидания
    holding aircraft
    воздушное судно в полете
    1. in-flight aircraft
    2. making way aircraft 3. aircraft on flight воздушное судно вспомогательной авиалинии
    feeder aircraft
    воздушное судно, выведенное из строя
    disabled aircraft
    воздушное судно государственной принадлежности
    state aircraft
    воздушное судно, готовое к полету
    under way aircraft
    воздушное судно гражданской авиации
    civil aircraft
    воздушное судно для местный авиалиний
    short-range aircraft
    воздушное судно для местных авиалиний
    short-haul transport
    воздушное судно для обслуживания местных авиалиний
    feederliner
    воздушное судно для патрулирования лесных массивов
    forest patrol aircraft
    воздушное судно для полетов на большой высоте
    high-altitude aircraft
    воздушное судно для смешанных перевозок
    combination aircraft
    воздушное судно, дозаправляемое в полете
    receiver aircraft
    воздушное судно, загруженное не по установленной схеме
    improperly loaded aircraft
    воздушное судно, занесенное в реестр
    aircraft on register
    воздушное судно, идущее впереди
    preceeding aircraft
    воздушное судно, идущее следом
    following aircraft
    воздушное судно, имеющее разрешение на полет
    authorized aircraft
    воздушное судно, исключенное из реестра
    abandoned aircraft
    воздушное судно короткого взлета и посадки
    short takeoff and landing aircraft
    воздушное судно, летящее курсом на восток
    eastbound aircraft
    воздушное судно местных воздушных линий
    commuter-size aircraft
    воздушное судно на подходе
    in-coming aircraft
    воздушное судно - нарушитель
    intruder
    воздушное судно, находящееся в воздухе
    airborne aircraft
    воздушное судно, находящееся в эксплуатации владельца
    owner-operated aircraft
    воздушное судно, находящееся на встречном курсе
    oncoming aircraft
    воздушное судно небольшой массы
    light aircraft
    воздушное судно, не сертифицированное по шуму
    nonnoise certificate aircraft
    воздушное судно, нуждающееся в помощи
    aircraft requiring assistance
    воздушное судно обнаружения
    spotter
    (цели) воздушное судно общего назначения
    general-purpose aircraft
    воздушное судно обычной схемы взлета и посадки
    conventional takeoff and landing aircraft
    воздушное судно, оставшееся на плаву
    stayed afloat aircraft
    воздушное судно, отвечающее современным требованиям
    today's aircraft
    воздушное судно первого поколения
    first-generation aircraft
    воздушное судно, получившее разрешение
    cleared aircraft
    воздушное судно по обмену
    interchanged aircraft
    воздушное судно, прибывающее в конечный аэропорт
    terminating aircraft
    воздушное судно, пропавшее без вести
    aircraft in missing
    воздушное судно с верхним расположением крыла
    high-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно с газотурбинными двигателями
    turbine-engined aircraft
    воздушное судно с двумя двигателями
    twin-engined aircraft
    воздушное судно с двумя и более двигателями
    multiengined aircraft
    воздушное судно с неподвижным крылом
    fixed-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно с несущим винтом
    rotary-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно с несущим фюзеляжем
    lift-fuselage aircraft
    воздушное судно с низким расположением крыла
    low-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно, совершающее заход на посадку
    approaching aircraft
    воздушное судно с одним двигателем
    1. one-engined aircraft
    2. single-engined aircraft воздушное судно с одним пилотом
    single-pilot aircraft
    воздушное судно, создающее опасность столкновения
    intruding aircraft
    воздушное судно со складывающимся крылом
    folding wing aircraft
    воздушное судно со средним расположением крыла
    mid-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно с поршневым двигателем
    piston-engined aircraft
    воздушное судно с треугольным крылом
    delta-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно с турбовинтовыми двигателями
    turboprop aircraft
    воздушное судно с турбореактивными двигателями
    turbojet aircraft
    воздушное судно с убранной механизацией крыла
    clean aircraft
    воздушное судно с удлиненным фюзеляжем
    stretched aircraft
    воздушное судно с узким фюзеляжем
    narrow-body aircraft
    воздушное судно с фюзеляжем типовой схемы
    regular-body aircraft
    воздушное судно схемы летающее крыло
    1. all-wing aircraft
    2. tailless aircraft воздушное судно схемы утка
    canard aircraft
    воздушное судно считается пропавшим без вести
    aircraft is considered to be missing
    воздушное судно с экипажем из нескольких человек
    multicrew aircraft
    воздушное судно, терпящее бедствие
    aircraft in distress
    воздушное судно, удовлетворяющее требованиям сохранения окружающей среды
    environmentally attuned aircraft
    воздушное судно укороченного взлета и посадки
    reduced takeoff and landing aircraft
    воздушное такси
    air taxi
    воздушное уплотнение
    air seal
    воздушное уплотнение опоры
    bearing air seal
    воздушные винты противоположного вращения
    contrarotating propellers
    воздушные ворота
    air gate
    воздушные перевозки
    airlift
    воздушные перевозки большой протяженности
    long-haul service
    воздушные перевозки вертолетом
    rotorcraft operations
    воздушные перевозки малой протяженности
    short-haul service
    воздушные перевозки с большим количеством промежуточных остановок
    multistop service
    воздушные перевозки средней протяженности
    medium-haul service
    воздушные перевозки типа инклюзив тур
    inclusive tour traffic
    воздушный буксир
    aerotow
    воздушный винт
    1. airscrew
    2. prop 3. propeller воздушный винт во флюгерном положении
    feathered propeller
    воздушный винт двусторонней схемы
    doubleacting propeller
    воздушный винт изменяемого шага
    1. adjustable-pitch propeller
    2. variable pitch propeller 3. controllable propeller воздушный винт левого вращения
    left-handed propeller
    воздушный винт на режиме малого газа
    idling propeller
    воздушный винт постоянного числа оборотов
    constant-speed propeller
    воздушный винт правого вращения
    right-handed propeller
    воздушный винт прямой тяги
    direct drive propeller
    воздушный винт с автоматически изменяемым шагом
    automatic pitch propeller
    воздушный винт с автоматической регулировкой
    automatically controllable propeller
    воздушный винт с большим шагом
    high-pitch propeller
    воздушный винт с гидравлическим управлением шага
    hydraulic propeller
    воздушный винт фиксированного шага
    1. constant-pitch propeller
    2. fixed-pitch propeller воздушный дроссель
    throttle air
    воздушный клапан
    air valve
    воздушный кодекс
    air codes
    Воздушный кодекс
    Air laws regulations
    воздушный коллектор
    1. air manifold
    2. air manifold pipe 3. air collector 4. pneumatic manifold воздушный коридор
    air corridor
    воздушный лайнер
    airliner
    воздушный перевозчик
    air carrier
    воздушный поток
    1. airflow
    2. airstream 3. air flow воздушный радиатор
    air cooler
    воздушный редуктор
    air pressure valve
    воздушный стартер
    air starter
    воздушный тракт
    air flow duct
    воздушный транспорт
    air transport
    воздушный участок
    airborne part
    воздушный участок траектории
    airborne path
    воздушный фильтр
    air filter
    воздушный флот
    air fleet
    возмущение воздушного потока
    air distortion
    восстанавливать воздушное судно
    restore an aircraft
    восходящий воздушный поток
    anabatic wind
    восходящий порыв воздушной массы
    air-up gust
    ВПП для эксплуатации любых типов воздушных судов
    all-service runway
    вращать воздушный винт
    drive a propeller
    вредное воздействие шума от воздушных судов
    aircraft noise pollution
    время прекращения действия ограничения на воздушное движение
    traffic release time
    всепогодное воздушное судно
    all-weather aircraft
    вспомогательная бортовая система воздушного судна
    associated aircraft system
    втулка воздушного винта
    1. propeller hub
    2. airscrew hub 3. airscrew boss входное воздушное устройство
    air inlet section
    (двигателя) вывешивать воздушное судно
    lift an aircraft on
    вывешивать воздушное судно на подъемниках
    jack an aircraft
    выводить воздушное судно из крена
    1. bring the aircraft out
    2. roll out the aircraft выводить воздушное судно из сваливания на крыло
    unstall the aircraft
    выводить воздушное судно на заданный курс
    put the aircraft on the course
    выводить воздушный винт из флюгерного положения
    unfeather the propeller
    выдерживать воздушное судно
    keep the aircraft on
    выдерживать воздушное судно на заданном курсе
    hold the aircraft on the heading
    вылетающее воздушное судно
    1. departing aircraft
    2. originating aircraft 3. outbound aircraft 4. outward aircraft вынужденная посадка воздушного судна на воду
    aircraft ditching
    выполнять работу на воздушном судне
    work on the aircraft
    выполнять этап пробега воздушного судна
    roll on the aircraft
    выравнивать воздушное судно
    1. ease the aircraft on
    2. level the aircraft out выруливать воздушное судно
    lead out the aircraft
    выруливать воздушное судно на исполнительный старт
    line up the aircraft
    высотное воздушное пространство
    specified upper-air layer
    высотный воздушный винт
    altitude propeller
    выставка технического оборудования для обслуживания воздушных судов
    aircraft maintenance engineering exhibition
    вычислитель воздушной скорости
    air-speed computer
    вычислитель воздушных сигналов
    air data computer
    гарантийный срок воздушного судна
    aircraft warranty
    герметизированное воздушное судно
    pressurized aircraft
    герметичность воздушного судна
    aircraft tightness
    гидравлическое управление шагом воздушного винта
    hydraulic propeller pitch control
    гидровариант воздушного судна
    sea aircraft
    гидроподъемник для воздушного судна
    aircraft hydraulic jack
    гиперзвуковое воздушное судно
    hypersonic aircraft
    гироскоп с воздушной опорой осей
    air bearing gyroscope
    Главное агентство воздушных сообщений
    Central Agency of Air Service
    государственная система организации воздушного пространства
    national airspace system
    государственный опознавательный знак воздушного судна
    aircraft nationality mark
    государство - изготовитель воздушного судна
    state of aircraft manufacture
    государство - поставщик воздушного судна
    aircraft provider state
    государство регистрации воздушного судна
    aircraft registry state
    государство - эксплуатант воздушного судна
    aircraft user state
    готовность воздушного судна
    aircraft readiness
    гражданский воздушный транспорт
    civil air transport
    граница зоны управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control boundary
    график воздушного путешествия
    air travel plan
    график движения воздушного транспорта
    air transport movement table
    груз для воздушной перевозки
    air cargo
    грузовое воздушное судно
    1. all-cargo aircraft
    2. air freighter 3. freight aircraft грузовое воздушное судно с откидной носовой частью
    bow-loader
    грузопассажирское воздушное судно
    convertible aircraft
    груз, перевозимый воздушным судном
    aircraft freight
    группа прогнозирования воздушного движения
    traffic forecast group
    давать воздушному судну право
    enable the aircraft to
    давать разрешение воздушному судну
    clear the aircraft
    дальность полета воздушного судна
    aircraft range
    данные воздушных перевозок
    traffic summary
    данные о результатах испытаний воздушного судна
    aircraft test data
    дата обнаружения пропавшего воздушного судна
    aircraft recovery date
    датчик воздушной скорости
    1. airspeed sensor
    2. airspeed transmitter датчик воздушных сигналов
    air-data sensor
    движение воздушного судна
    aircraft movement
    двухпалубное воздушное судно
    double-decker aircraft
    двухфюзеляжное воздушное судно
    twin-fuselage aircraft
    действующая воздушная трасса
    effective air path
    держать воздушное судно готовым
    maintain the aircraft at readiness to
    держаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного судна
    keep clear of the aircraft
    деформация конструкции воздушного судна
    aircraft structural deformation
    диаграмма воздушных потоков
    air-flow pattern
    диспетчер воздушного движения
    flight dispatcher
    диспетчерский центр управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control center
    диспетчерский центр управления потоком воздушного движения
    flow control center
    диспетчерское обслуживание воздушного пространства
    air control
    диспетчер службы управления воздушным движением
    air traffic controller
    дисплей индикации воздушной обстановки
    air situation display
    дистанционное управление воздушным судном
    flight monitoring
    дозвуковое воздушное судно
    subsonic aircraft
    донесение о состоянии парка воздушных судов
    aircraft status report
    допускать воздушное судно к дальнейшей эксплуатации
    1. consider an aircraft serviceable
    2. return the aircraft to service допуск на массу воздушного судна
    aircraft weight tolerance
    допуск на размеры воздушного судна
    aircraft dimension tolerance
    дорабатывать конструкцию воздушного судна
    after an aircraft
    доработка воздушного судна
    aircraft retrofit
    доход на единицу воздушной перевозки
    revenue per traffic unit
    Европейская группа прогнозирования воздушного движения
    European air traffic forecast Group
    единица воздушной перевозки
    traffic unit
    завихрение воздушной массы
    whirlwind
    загруженное воздушное судно
    laden aircraft
    загрузка воздушного судна
    aircraft lading
    заземление воздушного судна
    aircraft earthing
    заказчик воздушного судна
    aircraft customer
    закрытый воздушный винт
    shrouded propeller
    замена парка воздушных судов
    fleet updating
    заменять воздушное судно
    substitute the aircraft
    заменять оборудование воздушного судна
    reequip an aircraft
    заносить воздушное судно в реестр
    enter the aircraft
    запасные части для воздушного судна
    aircraft spare part
    запас прочности воздушного судна
    aircraft reserve factor
    запас топлива воздушного судна
    aircraft fuel quantity
    запас управляемости воздушного судна
    aircraft control margin
    запускать воздушное судно в производство
    put the aircraft into production
    зарегистрированное воздушное пространство
    specified airspace
    зарезервированное воздушное пространство
    reserved airspace
    заруливать воздушное судно
    lead in the aircraft
    заруливать на место стоянки воздушного судна
    enter the aircraft stand
    засветка воздушного судна
    aircraft flash
    засекать воздушное судно
    plot the aircraft
    затормаживать воздушный поток
    bring to rest air
    зафрахтованное воздушное судно
    chartered aircraft
    зачехлять воздушное судно
    cover an aircraft with
    защита воздушного судна от угона
    aircraft hijack protection
    звукоизоляция воздушного судна
    aircraft sound proofing
    зона аэродромного управления воздушным движением
    aerodrome traffic control zone
    зона воздушного барражирования
    air patrol zone
    зона воздушного движения
    traffic zone
    зона воздушного пространства с особым режимом полета
    airspace restricted area
    зона движения воздушных судов
    aerodrome movement area
    зона интенсивного воздушного движения
    congested area
    зона управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control area
    износ воздушного судна
    ageing aircraft
    износостойкий воздушный подшипник
    maintenance-free air bearing
    индикатор наземного движения воздушных судов
    aircraft surface movement indicator
    индикаторная воздушная скорость
    1. rectified airspeed
    2. calibrate airspeed индикация воздушных целей
    air target indication
    инженер по техническому обслуживанию воздушных судов
    aircraft maintenance engineer
    инструкция по загрузке воздушного судна
    aircraft loading instruction
    инструкция по консервации и хранению воздушного судна
    aircraft storage instruction
    инструкция по эксплуатации воздушного судна
    aircraft operating instruction
    интенсивное воздушное движение
    high density air traffic
    интенсивное регулярное воздушное сообщение
    airbridge
    интенсивность воздушного движения
    1. traffic flow rate
    2. air-traffic intensity информация по воздушной трассе
    airway information
    исправленная воздушная скорость
    corrected airspeed
    испытание воздушного судна в термобарокамере
    aircraft environmental test
    испытания воздушного судна на перегрузки
    aircraft acceleration tests
    испытания воздушного судна на переменные нагрузки
    aircraft alternate-stress tests
    испытательная станция воздушных судов
    aircraft test station
    испытываемое воздушное судно
    test aircraft
    исследование конфликтной ситуации в воздушном движении
    air conflict search
    исследовательское воздушное судно
    research aircraft
    истинная воздушная скорость
    true airspeed
    исходная масса пустого воздушного судна
    basic empty weight
    классификационная отметка воздушного судна
    aircraft rating
    классификация воздушных судов
    aircraft classification
    классификация воздушных судов по типам
    aircraft category rating
    кольцевой обтекатель воздушного винта
    airscrew antidrag ring
    кольцо воздушного лабиринтного уплотнения
    air labyrinth seal ring
    командир воздушного судна
    aircraft commander
    комбинированный тип воздушного судна
    complex type of aircraft
    комель лопасти воздушного винта
    propeller blade shank
    Комитет по воздушным перевозкам
    1. Air Transport Committee
    2. Air Transportation Board коммерческая воздушная перевозка
    commercial air transportation
    коммерческие воздушные перевозки
    1. commercial air transport operations
    2. revenue traffic коммерческий воздушный транспорт
    commercial air transport
    коммерческое воздушное судно
    profitable aircraft
    коммерческое реактивное воздушное судно
    commercial jet
    комплексная система контроля воздушного пространства
    integrated system of airspace control
    комплект оборудования для удаления воздушного судна
    aircraft recovery kit
    компоновка воздушного судна
    aircraft layout
    конвенция по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic convention
    конструкция воздушного судна
    1. aircraft design
    2. aircraft structure консультативная информация о воздушном движении
    traffic advisory information
    консультативное воздушное пространство
    advisory airspace
    консультативное обслуживание верхнего воздушного пространства
    upper advisory service
    консультативное обслуживание воздушного движения
    traffic advisory service
    консультативное сообщение о воздушной обстановке
    traffic advisory
    консультативное сообщение о воздушной обстановке, регистрируемой на первичной РЛС
    traffic advisory against primary radar targets
    Консультативный комитет по управлению воздушным движением
    Air Traffic Control Advisory Committee
    контактное кольцо воздушного винта
    propeller slip ring
    контейнер для перевозки грузов и багажа на воздушном судне
    aircraft container
    контракт на воздушную перевозку
    air carriage contract
    контролируемое воздушное пространство
    controlled airspace
    контролируемое воздушное пространство предназначенное для полетов по приборам
    instrument restricted airspace
    контроль качества изготовления воздушных судов
    aircraft production inspection
    контуры воздушного судна
    aircraft geometry
    конфигурация базовой модели воздушного судна
    baseline aircraft configuration
    концевой выключатель в системе воздушного судна
    aircraft limit switch
    коэффициент загрузки воздушного судна
    aircraft load factor
    коэффициент заполнения воздушного винта
    propeller solidity ratio
    коэффициент использования воздушного судна
    aircraft usability factor
    коэффициент перегрузки воздушного судна
    aircraft acceleration factor
    крен воздушного судна
    1. aircraft heel
    2. aircraft roll 3. aircraft list крутящий момент воздушного винта
    1. propeller torque
    2. airscrew torque крутящий момент воздушного винта в режиме авторотации
    propeller windmill torque
    курс воздушного судна
    1. aircraft course
    2. aircraft heading ламинарность воздушного потока
    flow laminarity
    легкоуправляемое воздушное судно
    handy aircraft
    летательный аппарат на воздушной подушке
    air-cushion vehicle
    летать на воздушном судне
    fly by an aircraft
    летно-технические характеристики воздушного судна
    aircraft performances
    линия заруливания воздушного судна на стоянку
    aircraft stand lead-in line
    линия положения воздушного судна
    aircraft position line
    линия руления воздушного судна в зоне стоянки
    aircraft stand taxilane
    линия технологического разъема воздушного судна
    aircraft production break line
    лицензированное воздушное судно
    licensed aircraft
    лопасть воздушного винта
    propeller blade
    л управления шагом воздушного винта
    propeller pitch control system
    магистральная воздушная линия
    highway
    магистральная воздушная трасса
    trunk route
    макет воздушного судна
    aircraft mockup
    малошумное воздушное судно
    low annoyance aircraft
    малошумный воздушный винт
    silenced tractor propeller
    маневренность воздушного судна
    aircraft manoeuvrability
    маркировка места стоянки воздушного судна
    aircraft stand marking
    маршрут верхнего воздушного пространства
    upper air route
    маршрут вне воздушной трассы
    off-airway route
    маршрут нижнего воздушного пространства
    low air route
    маршрутный лист воздушного путешествия
    air travel card
    маршрут, обслуживаемый службой воздушного движения
    air traffic service route
    маршрут перегонки воздушных судов
    air ferry route
    маршрут управления воздушным движением
    ATC route
    масса пустого воздушного судна
    1. base weight
    2. empty weight 3. aircraft empty weight масса пустого воздушного судна при поставке
    delivery empty weight
    масса снаряженного воздушного судна без пассажиров
    aircraft operational weight
    мастерская капитального ремонта воздушных судов
    aircraft overhaul shop
    Международная ассоциация воздушного транспорта
    International Air Transport
    Международный совет ассоциаций владельцев воздушных судов и пилотов
    International Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associations
    местный воздушный вихрь
    local whirlwind
    место загрузки воздушного судна
    aircraft's loading position
    место остановки воздушного судна
    aircraft stand
    местоположение воздушного судна
    aircraft fix
    место стоянки воздушного судна
    1. aircraft parking place
    2. aircraft's parking position место стоянки воздушного судна носом к аэровокзалу
    nose-in aircraft stand
    место стоянки воздушного судна хвостом к аэровокзалу
    nose-out aircraft stand
    место установки домкрата для подъема воздушного судна
    aircraft jacking point
    механизм реверса воздушного винта
    propeller reverser
    механизм реверса воздушного потока вентилятора
    fan jet reverser
    механизм реверсирования воздушного винта
    airscrew reversing gear
    механизм синхронизации работы воздушного винта
    propeller synchronization mechanism
    минимум воздушного судна
    aircraft minima
    минимум командира воздушного судна
    pilot-in-command minima
    многоцелевое воздушное судно
    1. multipurpose aircraft
    2. all-purpose aircraft многоцелевое реактивное воздушное судно
    all-purpose jetliner
    моделирование воздушного движения
    art traffic simulation
    модель воздушного судна
    aircraft model
    модифицированное воздушное судно
    1. derived aircraft
    2. modified aircraft моечная установка для воздушных судов
    aircraft washing plant
    монтировать на воздушном судне
    install on the aircraft
    наблюдение за воздушным пространством
    air observation
    наблюдение с борта воздушного судна
    aircraft observation
    надежность воздушного судна
    aircraft reliability
    направление воздушного потока
    airflow direction
    направлять воздушное судно против ветра
    head the aircraft into wind
    нарушение воздушного пространства
    air intrusion
    нарушение поперечной центровки воздушного судна
    aircraft lateral inbalance
    наставление по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic guide
    негерметизированное воздушное судно
    unpressurized aircraft
    незаконно захваченное воздушное судно
    unlawfully seized aircraft
    незаконный захват воздушного судна
    aircraft unlawful seizure
    неконтролируемое воздушное пространство
    uncontrolled airspace
    неполная загрузка воздушного судна
    aircraft underloading
    неремонтопригодное воздушное судно
    irrepairable aircraft
    несбалансированное воздушное судно
    out-of-balance aircraft
    несбалансированный воздушный винт
    out-of-balance propeller
    нестандартный тип воздушного судна
    inconventional type of aircraft
    неуправляемость воздушного судна
    aircraft uncontrollability
    нивелировочная точка воздушного судна
    aircraft leveling point
    нижнее воздушное пространство
    1. lower airspace
    2. low air area нисходящий воздушный поток
    1. katabatic wind
    2. fall wind нисходящий порыв воздушной массы
    air-down gust
    носовая часть воздушного судна
    aircraft nose section
    обеспечение эшелонирования полетов воздушных судов
    aircraft separation assurance
    облегченный воздушный винт
    lower pitch propeller
    обледенение воздушного судна
    aircraft icing
    обмен воздушными судами
    aircraft interchange
    обнаружение и удаление воздушного судна
    aircraft recovery
    обозначение места остановки воздушного судна
    aircraft stand identification
    обозначенное воздушное пространство
    designated airspace
    оборот парка воздушных судов
    aircraft fleet turnover
    оборудование воздушных трасс
    airways facilities
    оборудование для обслуживания воздушного судна
    aircraft servicing equipment
    оборудование места стоянки воздушного судна
    aircraft parking equipment
    оборудовать воздушное судно
    1. equip an aircraft with
    2. fit an aircraft with обратное вращение воздушного винта
    airscrew reverse rotation
    обслуживание воздушного судна
    aircraft servicing
    обтекатель втулки воздушного винта
    propeller dome
    общий вид воздушного судна
    aircraft main view
    общий налет на определенном типе воздушного судна
    on-type flight experience
    общий поток воздушных перевозок
    general traffic
    объем воздушных перевозка в тоннах груза
    airlift tonnage
    объем воздушных перевозок
    1. traffic handling capacity
    2. lift capacity 3. air traffic performance ограничение воздушного пространства
    airspace restriction
    ограничение потока воздушного движения
    flow restriction
    ограничения на воздушных трассах
    air rote limitations
    ограниченное воздушное пространство
    restricted airspace
    одноместное воздушное судно
    single-seater aircraft
    околозвуковое воздушное судно
    transonic aircraft
    окружная скорость законцовки воздушного винта
    propeller tip speed
    окружная скорость лопасти воздушного винта
    airscrew blade speed
    опознавание воздушного судна
    aircraft identification
    опознавательный знак места стоянки воздушного судна
    aircraft stand identification sign
    опознавать воздушное судно
    identify the aircraft
    определение местонахождения воздушного судна по звездам
    astrofix
    определять границы воздушного пространства
    to define the airspace
    определять зону полета воздушного судна
    space the aircraft
    опытный вариант воздушного судна
    1. prototype aircraft
    2. preproduction aircraft 3. aircraft prototype 4. experimental aircraft орган обеспечения безопасности на воздушном транспорте
    aviation security authority
    осветительное оборудование воздушного судна
    aircraft electrification
    осевая линия воздушного судна
    aircraft center line
    основной вариант воздушного судна
    basic aircraft
    основной режим воздушного пространства
    dominant air mode
    основные технические данные воздушного судна
    aircraft basic specifications
    остановка воздушного судна
    aircraft stop
    ось симметрии воздушного судна
    aircraft axis
    отбалансированное воздушное судно
    trimmed
    отказ электросистемы воздушного судна
    aircraft electrical failure
    открытый воздушный винт
    unshrouded propeller
    отметка местоположения воздушного судна
    aircraft position
    относительная воздушная скорость
    relative airspeed
    отрицательная тяга воздушного винта
    propeller drag
    отрывать воздушное судно от земли
    1. unstick the aircraft
    2. make the aircraft airborne отрывать переднюю опору шасси воздушного судна
    rotate the aircraft
    отчет о воздушных перевозках
    traffic report
    очаг пожара на воздушном судне
    aircraft fire point
    парк воздушных судов
    aircraft fleet
    парковать воздушное судно
    park an aircraft
    парковка воздушного судна
    aircraft parking
    пассажирские воздушные перевозки
    passenger operations
    пассажирское воздушное судно
    passenger aircraft
    патрульное воздушное судно
    patrol aircraft
    пеленг воздушного судна
    aircraft bearing
    пеленгование воздушного судна
    aircraft setting
    переводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полет
    put the aircraft over
    перевозимый на воздушном шаре
    planeborne
    перегружать воздушное движение
    overflow air traffic
    перегруженное воздушное судно
    overweight aircraft
    передача воздушного судна
    aircraft blind transmission
    передача информации о воздушном движении
    traffic information broadcast
    передача управления воздушным судном
    aircraft control transfer
    переоборудовать воздушное судно
    convert an aircraft
    пересечение воздушных трасс
    intersection of air routes
    перехват гражданского воздушного судна
    interception of civil aircraft
    персонал диспетчерской службы воздушного движения
    traffic control personnel
    перспектива развития парка воздушных судов
    fleet development
    пилотировать воздушное судно
    fly the aircraft
    пилотируемое воздушное судно
    manned aircraft
    пилот, управляющий воздушным судном
    pilot on the controls
    план восстановления воздушного судна
    aircraft recovery plan
    планетарный редуктор воздушного винта
    propeller planetary gear
    планирование воздушного судна по спирали
    aircraft spiral glide
    план развития воздушных перевозок
    air plan
    плотность воздушного движения
    air traffic density
    плотность размещения кресел на воздушном судне
    aircraft seating density
    площадь, ометаемая воздушным винтом
    propeller disk area
    пневматическая система воздушного судна
    aircraft pneumatic system
    поведение воздушного судна
    aircraft behavior
    повреждать конструкцию воздушного судна
    damage aircraft structure
    поврежденное воздушное судно
    damaged aircraft
    подача топлива в систему воздушного судна
    aircraft fuel supply
    подниматься на борт воздушного судна
    board an aircraft
    позывной код воздушного судна
    aircraft call sign
    поисково-спасательное воздушное судно
    1. rescue aircraft
    2. search and rescue aircraft поисковый радиолокатор воздушных судов
    air-search radar
    покидать воздушное судно
    1. ball
    2. abandon an aircraft покидать данное воздушное пространство
    leave the airspace
    поколение воздушных судов
    aircraft generation
    полезная нагрузка воздушного судна
    aircraft useful load
    полетный лист воздушного судна
    aircraft flight report
    полет, открывающий воздушное сообщение
    inaugural flight
    полет с частного воздушного судна
    private flight
    полеты воздушных судов
    aircraft flying
    полеты гражданских воздушных судов
    civil air operations
    полеты по воздушным трассам
    airways flying
    пол кабины воздушного судна
    aircraft deck
    полномасштабная модель воздушного судна
    full-scalle aircraft
    положение в воздушном пространстве
    air position
    поломка воздушного судна
    aircraft wreck
    полоса воздушных подходов
    approach funnel
    по оси воздушного судна
    on aircraft center line
    поправка на воздушную скорость
    airspeed compensation
    порыв воздушной массы
    air gust
    посадка воздушного судна
    aircraft landing
    посадка с неработающим воздушным винтом
    dead-stick landing
    поставка воздушных судов
    aircraft delivery
    поставлять воздушное судно
    vend an aircraft
    потеря воздушной цели
    airmiss
    потеря тяги при скольжении воздушного винта
    airscrew slip loss
    потеря управляемости воздушного судна
    aircraft control loss
    поток воздушного движения
    flow of air traffic
    поток воздушных перевозок через аэропорт
    airport traffic flow
    почтовое воздушное судно
    mail-carrying aircraft
    поэтапные воздушные перевозки
    1. flight-stage traffic
    2. traffic by flight stage правила воздушного движения
    air traffic procedures
    правила обслуживания воздушного движения
    air traffic services procedures
    правила управления воздушным движением
    1. air traffic control procedures
    2. traffic control regulations 3. traffic control instructions предварительный старт для нескольких воздушных судов
    multiple-holding position
    предел коммерческой загрузки воздушного судна
    aircraft capacity range
    преднамеренное отклонение воздушного судна
    aircraft intentional swerve
    предоставлять права на воздушные перевозки
    grant traffic privileges
    предполагаемое повреждение воздушного судна
    suspected aircraft damage
    предприятие - поставщик воздушных судов
    aircraft supplier
    предупреждать воздушное судно
    warn the aircraft
    прекращать контроль воздушного судна
    release the aircraft
    приборная воздушная скорость
    1. basic airspeed
    2. indicated airspeed приборное оборудование воздушного судна
    aircraft hardware
    прибор предупреждения столкновений воздушных судов
    aircraft anticollision device
    прибывающее воздушное судно
    1. arriving aircraft
    2. inbound aircraft 3. inward aircraft приводить воздушное судно в состояние летной годности
    return an aircraft to flyable status
    пригодность для полета на местных воздушных линиях
    local availability
    приемник воздушного давления
    1. airspeed boom
    2. airspeed head 3. Pilot tube boom 4. airspeed tube приземлять воздушное судно
    land the aircraft
    причина неисправности воздушного судна
    cause of aircraft trouble
    проводить доработку воздушного судна
    aircraft embody
    проворачивать воздушный винт
    wind up
    прогноз для верхнего воздушного пространства
    upper-air forecast
    продолжительность обслуживания воздушного судна
    aircraft service period
    производство воздушных судов
    aircraft production
    происшествие на территории государства регистрации воздушного судна
    domestic accident
    происшествие с воздушным судном
    accident to an aircraft
    пропавшее воздушное судно
    missing aircraft
    пропускная способность воздушного пространства
    airspace capacity
    просадка воздушного судна
    aircraft mush
    прямое воздушное сообщение
    through air service
    пункт обслуживания воздушного движения
    air traffic services unit
    пункт управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control unit
    рабочая часть лопасти воздушного винта
    blade pressure side
    радиозондовое наблюдение за состоянием воздушных масс
    rawinsonde observation
    радиолокатор управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control radar
    разворот воздушного судна
    aircraft pivoting
    разгерметизация воздушного судна
    aircraft decompression
    разгруженное воздушное судно
    unladen aircraft
    раздвоенный воздушный тракт
    bifurcated air bypass duct
    раздражающее воздействие шума от воздушного суд
    aircraft noise annoyance
    размещать в воздушном судне
    fill an aircraft with
    размещать воздушное судно
    1. accommodate an aircraft
    2. house an aircraft размещение воздушных судно на стоянке
    parking arrangement
    разрешение воздушному судну
    clearance of the aircraft
    разрешение на выполнение воздушных перевозок
    operating permit
    разрешение на эксплуатацию воздушной линии
    route license
    разрешение службы управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control clearance
    район воздушных трасс
    air-route area
    район полетов верхнего воздушного пространства
    upper flight region
    раскачивание воздушного судна
    aircraft overswinging
    распределение воздушного пространства
    air spacing
    (для обеспечения контроля полетов) распределение загрузки воздушного судна
    aircraft load distribution
    расстояние от воздушного судна до объекта на земле
    air-to-ground distance
    расфлюгирование воздушного судна
    propeller unfeathering
    расход топлива воздушным судном
    aircraft fuel consumption
    расходы на аренду воздушного судна
    aircraft rental costs
    расчетная воздушная скорость
    design airspeed
    расчетное положение воздушного судна
    estimated position of aircraft
    расчетный предел нагрузки воздушного судна
    aircraft design load
    реактивное воздушное судно
    1. jet aircraft
    2. jet 3. jetliner реактивное воздушное судно для обслуживания местных авиалиний
    feederjet
    реактивное воздушное судно с низким расходом топлива
    economical-to-operate jetliner
    реверсивный воздушный винт
    1. negative thrust propeller
    2. reversible-pitch propeller регистратор воздушной скорости
    air-speed recorder
    регистрация воздушного судна
    aircraft registration
    регистрировать воздушное судно
    register the aircraft
    регулярное воздушное сообщение
    regular airline service
    регулярные воздушные перевозки
    scheduled air service
    регулятор оборотов воздушного винта
    propeller governor
    регулятор числа оборотов воздушного винта
    propeller control unit
    редуктор воздушного винта
    1. propeller gearbox
    2. airscrew reduction gear 3. propeller gear режим воздушного потока в заборнике воздуха
    inlet airflow schedule
    резервирование воздушного пространства
    airspace reservation
    резервное воздушное судно
    standby aircraft
    резервное оборудование воздушного судна
    aircraft standby facilities
    рейс с гражданского воздушного судна
    civil flight
    рекламный проспект воздушного судна
    aircraft leaflet
    ремонт воздушного судна
    aircraft overhaul
    ремонт оборудования воздушного судна
    aircraft equipment overhaul
    ресурсные испытания воздушного судна
    aircraft endurance tests
    руководство по полетам воздушных судов гражданской авиации
    civil air regulations
    руководство по технической эксплуатации воздушного судна
    aircraft maintenance guide
    рулящее воздушное судно
    taxiing aircraft
    санитарное воздушное судно
    1. ambulance aircraft
    2. hospital aircraft санитарный контроль воздушных судов
    aircraft sanitary control
    сбалансированное воздушное судно
    balanced aircraft
    сборник пассажирских тарифов на воздушную перевозку
    Air Passenger Tariff
    сборочный стапель воздушного судна
    aircraft assembly jig
    сверхзвуковое воздушное судно
    supersonic aircraft
    сверхзвуковой воздушный транспорт
    supersonic transport
    свойственный воздушному судну
    inherent in the aircraft
    себестоимость воздушного судна
    aircraft cost level
    себестоимость производства воздушного судна
    aircraft first cost
    сектор воздушного пространства
    airspace segment
    Секция аэродромов, воздушных трасс и наземных средств
    Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids Section
    (ИКАО) Секция исследования воздушного транспорта
    Air Transport Studies Section
    (ИКАО) Секция тарифов воздушных перевозчиков
    Air Carrier Tariffs Section
    (ИКАО) серийный вариант воздушного судна
    production aircraft
    серия воздушных судов
    aircrafts batch
    сертификат воздушного судна
    aircraft certificate
    сертификат воздушного судна по шуму
    aircraft noise certificate
    сеть воздушных трасс
    air route network
    сигнал между воздушными судами в полете
    air-to-air signal
    система воздушного наблюдения
    air surveillance system
    система воздушного охлаждения
    air cooling system
    система воздушных тормозов
    air brake system
    система измерения посадочных параметров воздушного судна
    aircraft landing measurement system
    система обогрева воздушного судна
    aircraft heating system
    система оповещения о воздушном движении
    traffic alert system
    система опознавания воздушного судна
    aircraft identification system
    система предупредительной сигнализации воздушного судна
    aircraft warning system
    система приемника воздушного давления
    pitot-static system
    система сбора воздушных параметров
    flight environment data system
    (условий полета) система сбора воздушных сигналов
    air data computer system
    система управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control system
    система управления воздушным судном
    aircraft control system
    система управления воздушным судном при установке на стоянку
    approach guidance nose-in to stand system
    система флюгирования воздушного винта
    propeller feathering system
    скоростное воздушное судно
    high-speed aircraft
    скорость воздушного судна
    aircraft speed
    скорость движения воздушной массы
    air velocity
    служба воздушного движения
    air traffic service
    служба воздушных сообщений
    airways and air communications service
    служба управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control service
    служебное воздушное судно
    1. business aircraft
    2. baseline aircraft смешанная воздушная перевозка
    intermodal air carriage
    снаряженное воздушное судно
    topped-up aircraft
    снижать высоту полета воздушного судна
    push the aircraft down
    снижать скорость воздушного судна до
    decelerate the aircraft to
    снятие воздушного судна с эксплуатации
    aircraft removal from service
    совершать посадку на борт воздушного судна
    join an aircraft
    согласование объемов воздушных перевозок
    traffic flow arrangement
    соглашение между авиакомпаниями об аренде воздушных судов
    airlines leasing arrangement
    соглашение об обмене воздушными суднами
    intercharged aircraft agreement
    соглашение о воздушном сообщении
    air transport agreement
    создавать опасность для воздушного судна
    endanger the aircraft
    сообщение о положении воздушного судна
    aircraft position report
    соосный воздушный винт
    coaxial propeller
    сопровождать воздушное судно
    follow up the aircraft
    сопротивление движению воздушного судна
    rolling resistance
    сопротивление скольжению воздушного судна
    aircraft skidding drag
    состояние готовности воздушного судна к вылету
    aircraft alert position
    спасательное воздушное судно
    survival craft
    специалист по ремонту воздушных судов
    aircraft repairman
    списание воздушного судна
    1. retirement of aircraft
    2. aircraft supersedeas спортивное воздушное судно
    sports aircraft
    спутная струя за воздушным винтом
    airscrew wash
    спутная струя за воздушным судном
    aircraft wake
    спутный след воздушного судна
    aircraft trail
    средства эвакуации воздушного судна
    aircraft evacuation means
    срок службы воздушного судна
    aircraft age
    срыв воздушного потока
    airflow breakdown
    ставить воздушный винт во флюгерное положение
    feather the propeller
    ставить воздушный винт на полетный упор
    latch the propeller flight stop
    ставить воздушный винт на упор
    latch a propeller
    стапель для сборки воздушного судна
    aircraft fixture
    статистическая сводка воздушных перевозок
    traffic flow summary
    стационарная установка для обслуживания воздушного судна
    aircraft servicing installation
    стенд балансировки воздушных винтов
    propeller balancing stand
    степень вентиляции кабины воздушного судна
    aircraft ventilation rate
    степень износа воздушного судна
    aircraft wearout rate
    столкновение воздушного судна
    aircraft impact
    столкновение воздушных судов
    aircrafts impingement
    столкновение птиц с воздушным судном
    bird strike to an air craft
    стопорить воздушный винт
    brake the propeller
    стравливать воздушную пробку
    bleed air
    страгивание воздушного судна
    aircraft breakaway
    страхование воздушного судна
    aircraft insurance
    судно на воздушной подушке
    hovercraft
    сухой вес воздушного судна
    dry weight
    сухопутное воздушное судно
    land aircraft
    существенно поврежденное воздушное судно
    substantially dameged aircraft
    схема воздушного движения
    air traffic pattern
    схема воздушного поиска
    aerial search pattern
    схема воздушной обстановки
    air plot
    схема загрузки воздушного судна
    1. aircraft loading diagram
    2. aircraft loading chart схема обслуживания воздушного движения
    air traffic service chart
    таблица поправок воздушной скорости
    air-speed calibration card
    тарировка указателя воздушной скорости
    air-speed indicator calibration
    тариф на воздушную перевозку пассажира
    air fare
    тариф при регулярной воздушной перевозки
    regular fare
    температура возмущенной воздушной массы
    static air temperature
    техническая аптечка воздушного судна
    aircraft repair kit
    технология технического обслуживания воздушного судна
    aircraft maintenance practice
    тип воздушного судна
    aircraft type
    толкающий воздушный винт
    pusher propeller
    топливо без воздушных пузырьков
    bubble-free fuel
    тормоз воздушного винта
    propeller brake
    тормозная характеристика воздушного судна
    1. aircraft stopping performance
    2. aircraft braking performance точка швартовки воздушного судна
    aircraft tie-down point
    точно опознавать воздушное судно
    properly identify the aircraft
    транспортное воздушное судно
    1. transport aircraft
    2. heavy aircraft транспортные средства для обслуживания воздушного судна
    aircraft service truck's
    трафарет ограничения воздушной скорости
    airspeed placard
    тренажер воздушного судна
    aircraft simulator
    тренировочное воздушное судно
    practice aircraft
    туннельный воздушный винт
    ducting propeller
    турбовинтовое реактивное воздушное судно
    prop jet
    турбулентный след за воздушным винтом
    propeller wake
    тяга воздушного винта
    1. propeller thrust
    2. airscrew propulsion тянущий воздушный винт
    tractor propeller
    убирать механизацию крыла воздушного судна
    clean the aircraft
    угол входа воздушной массы
    angle of indraft
    угол удара воздушного судна
    aircraft impact angle
    угол установки лопасти воздушного винта
    1. airscrew blade incidence
    2. propeller incidence угон воздушного судна
    hijacking
    удаление воздушного судна
    removal of aircraft
    удаление воздушной пробки
    bleeding
    удалять воздушное судно
    remove the aircraft
    узловой район воздушного движения
    air traffic hub
    указания по управлению воздушным движением
    air-traffic control instruction
    указатель воздушной скорости
    1. airspeed indicator
    2. airspeed instrument указатель воздушной трассы
    airway designator
    указатель индикаторной воздушной скорости
    calibrated airspeed indicator
    указатель положения воздушного судна
    1. aircraft reference symbol
    (на шкале навигационного прибора) 2. aircraft position indicator укомплектованное воздушное судно
    entire aircraft
    уменьшение мощности двигателей воздушного судна
    aircraft power reduction
    уменьшение ограничений в воздушных перевозках
    air transport facilitation
    универсальное реактивное воздушное судно
    go anywhere jetliner
    управление воздушным движением
    1. traffic control
    2. air traffic control управление воздушным движением на трассе полета
    airways control
    управление воздушным судном
    aircraft handling
    управление потоком воздушного движения
    air traffic flow management
    управление шагом воздушного винта
    propeller pitch control
    управляемое воздушное судно
    1. the aircraft under command
    2. under command aircraft управляемость воздушного судна
    aircraft sensitivity
    управлять воздушным судном
    1. control the aircraft
    2. steer the aircraft уровень безопасности полетов воздушного судна
    aircraft safety factor
    условия выполнения воздушных перевозок
    air traffic environment
    условия обтекания воздушным потоком
    airflow conditions
    условия при высокой плотности воздушного движения
    high density traffic environment
    условно прозрачный вид воздушного судна
    aircraft phantom view
    усталостный ресурс воздушного судна
    aircraft fatigue life
    устанавливать воздушное судно
    1. place the aircraft
    2. align the aircraft устанавливать воздушное судно по оси
    align the aircraft with the center line
    устанавливать воздушное судно по оси ВПП
    align the aircraft with the runway
    устанавливать на борту воздушного судна
    install in the aircraft
    устанавливать наличие воздушной пробки в системе
    determine air in a system
    устанавливать шаг воздушного винта
    set the propeller pitch
    установившееся обтекание крыла воздушным потоком
    steady airflow about the wing
    установка шага лопасти воздушного винта
    propeller pitch setting
    установленное повреждение воздушного судна
    known aircraft damage
    установленный на воздушном судне
    airborne
    устаревшая модель воздушного судна
    outdated aircraft
    устойчивость воздушной массы
    air stability
    устойчивый воздушный поток
    stable air
    утяжелять воздушный винт
    move the blades to higher
    учебное воздушное судно
    school aircraft
    учебно-тренировочное воздушное судно
    training aircraft
    фактическая воздушная скорость
    actual airspeed
    фактическое положение воздушного судна
    aircraft's present position
    фиксатор шага лопасти воздушного винта
    propeller pitch lock
    фирма по производству воздушных судов
    aircraft company
    флюгирование воздушного винта
    propeller feathering
    флюгируемый воздушный винт
    feathering propeller
    формуляр воздушного винта
    propeller record
    фрахтовать воздушное судно
    charter an aircraft
    цельнометаллическое воздушное судно
    all-metal aircraft
    Центральное управление международных воздушных сообщений гражданской авиации
    General Department of International Air Services of Aeroflot
    центр обеспечения воздушной связи
    air communication center
    центровка воздушного судна
    aircraft center - of - gravity
    центровочный график воздушного судна
    aircraft balance diagram
    цех технического обслуживания воздушных судов
    aircraft maintenance division
    цикл управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control loop
    цилиндр управления воздушными тормозами
    air-brake jack
    челночное воздушное сообщение
    shuttle service
    четырехлопастный воздушный винт
    four-bladed propeller
    шаг воздушного винта
    propeller pitch
    швартовать воздушное судно
    moor the aircraft
    швартовка груза на воздушном судне
    aircraft cargo lashing
    широкофюзеляжное воздушное судно
    wide-body aircraft
    широкофюзеляжное реактивное воздушное судно
    1. wide-bodied jet
    2. jumbo jet широта местонахождения воздушного судна
    aircraft fix latitude
    школа подготовки специалистов по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic school
    штанга приемника воздушного давления
    airspeed mast
    эвакуация воздушного судна с места аварии
    aircraft salvage
    эволюция воздушного судна
    aircraft evolution
    эквивалентная воздушная скорость
    equivalent airspeed
    экипаж воздушного судна
    crew team
    экран изображения воздушной обстановки
    air display
    эксперт по обслуживанию воздушного движения
    air traffic services expert
    эксплуатационная дальность полета воздушного судна
    aircraft operational range
    эксплуатационная технологичность воздушного судна
    aircraft maintenance performance
    эксплуатационные испытания воздушного судна
    aircraft commissioning tests
    эксплуатационные расходы на воздушное судно
    aircraft operating expenses
    эксплуатация воздушного судна
    1. aircraft operation
    2. operation of aircraft 3. aircraft employment эксплуатировать воздушное судно
    1. operate an aircraft
    2. engage in aircraft operation эксплуатируемое воздушное судно
    1. active aircraft
    2. in-service aircraft 3. aircraft in service электрическое управление шагом воздушного винта
    electric propeller pitch control
    электропроводка воздушного судна
    aircraft lead
    электропроводка высокого напряжения на воздушном судне
    aircraft high tension wiring
    электропроводка низкого напряжения на воздушном судне
    aircraft low tension wiring
    электросистема воздушного судна
    aircraft electric system
    элемент конструкции воздушного судна
    aircraft component
    энергия порыва воздушной массы
    gust load
    эффект воздушной подушки
    air cushion effect
    эшелонирование полетов воздушных судов
    aircraft spacing
    эшелонировать воздушное судно
    separate the aircraft

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > воздушный

  • 9 para

    prep.
    1 for.
    es para ti it's for you
    una mesa para el salón a table for the living room
    esta agua no es buena para beber this water isn't fit for drinking o to drink
    te lo repetiré para que te enteres I'll repeat it so you understand
    ¿para qué? what for?
    2 (in order) to.
    para conseguir sus propósitos in order to achieve his aims
    lo he hecho para agradarte I did it to please you
    3 toward.
    ir para casa to head (for) home
    salir para el aeropuerto to leave for the airport
    4 for (time).
    tiene que estar acabado para mañana it has to be finished by o for tomorrow
    5 to.
    la comida está lista para servir the meal is ready to be served
    el atleta está preparado para ganar the athlete is ready to win
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: parar.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: parir.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: parar.
    * * *
    2 (uso, utilidad) for
    ■ los cuchillos son para cortar, no para jugar con ellos knives are for cutting, not for playing with
    ■ ¿tienes algo para el dolor de cabeza? have you got anything for a headache?
    3 (destino, dirección) for, to
    ■ el tren para Toledo sale a las 18.00 the train to Toledo leaves at 18.00
    ■ ¿para dónde vas? where are you going?
    4 (tiempo, fechas límites) by, before
    1 (finalidad) to, in order to
    2 (suficiente) enough
    \
    para entonces by then
    para con towards, to
    para que so that
    ¿para qué? what for?
    ■ ¿para qué has comprado eso? what did you buy that for?
    ¡que para qué! familiar very, really, terribly
    ■ ¡hace un frío que para qué! it's freezing
    ■ ¡es más torpe que para qué! she's so clumsy!
    * * *
    prep.
    1) for
    2) to
    4) by
    •
    - para detrás
    - para que
    * * *
    I
    PREP
    1) [indicando finalidad, uso] for

    es demasiado cara para nosotros — it's too dear for us, it's beyond our means

    para esto, podíamos habernos quedado en casa — if this is it, we might as well have stayed at home

    2)

    para que —

    a) + subjun
    b) [en preguntas]

    ¿para qué lo quieres? — why do you want it?, what do you want it for?

    ¿para qué sirve? — what's it for?

    -¿por qué no se lo dices? -¿para qué? — "why don't you tell her?" - "what's the point o use?"

    tú ya has pasado por eso, ¿para qué te voy a contar? — you've already been through that, so there's no point o use me telling you

    tengo un hambre que para qué — [uso enfático] I'm absolutely starving *

    3) + infin
    a) [indicando finalidad] to

    estoy ahorrando para comprarme una moto — I'm saving up to buy a motorbike, I'm saving up for a motorbike

    no es para comer — it's not for eating, it's not to be eaten

    b) [indicando secuencia temporal]
    4) [con expresiones de tiempo]

    un cuarto para las diez — LAm a quarter to ten

    son cinco para las ocho — LAm it's five to eight

    5) [indicando dirección]

    para atrás — back, backwards

    el autobús para Marbella — the bus for Marbella, the Marbella bus

    ir para casa — to go home, head for home

    6) [indicando opiniones]

    para mí que miente — in my opinion o if you ask me he's lying

    7) [en comparaciones]

    ¿quién es usted para gritarme así? — who are you to shout at me like that?

    para patatas, las de mi pueblo — if it's potatoes you want, look no further than my home town

    para ruidosos, los españoles — there's nobody like the Spaniards for being noisy

    8) [indicando trato]

    para con — to, towards

    tan amable para con todos — so kind to o towards everybody

    estar 1., 7), ir 1., 10) II
    * SM paratrooper, para *
    * * *
    1) (expresando destino, finalidad, intención) for

    ¿para qué revista escribes? — what magazine do you write for?

    ¿para qué sirve esto? — what's this (used) for?

    ¿para qué lo quieres? — what do you want it for?

    ¿para qué se lo dijiste? — what did you tell him for?

    que para qué decirte/hablar — (fam)

    tenían un hambre que para qué decirte/hablar — they were starving

    2)

    para + inf — to + inf

    3)

    para que + subj: lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me; pídeselo - ¿para que me diga que no? ask him for it - so he can say no?; cierra para que no nos oigan — close the door so (that) they don't hear us

    para + inf: soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it; bastante tengo yo (como) para estar ocupándome de ti I've enough problems of my own without having to deal with yours as well; es (como) para matarlo! (fam) I'll kill him! (colloq); para que + subj: basta con que él aparezca para que ella se ponga nerviosa — he only has to appear for her to get flustered

    6) (en comparaciones, contrastes)

    para lo que come, no está gordo — considering how much he eats, he's not fat

    para el caso que me hacen...! — for all the notice they take of me...

    para + inf: para haber sido improvisado fue un discurso excelente for an off-the-cuff speech it was excellent; ¿quién es él para hablarte así? who does he think he is, speaking to you like that ?; para que + subj: es mucho para que lo haga sola it's too much for you to do it on your own; tanto esforzarme por ellos para que no te lo agradezcan! — after all that effort I made for them they didn't even say thankyou!

    7)

    estar para algo/+ inf — ( indicando estado)

    para mí que no viene — if you ask me, he won't come

    para su padre, es un genio — in his father's opinion o as far as his father's concerned, he is a genius

    ¿qué es lo más importante para ti? — what's the most important thing for you?

    9)

    empuja para arriba — push up o upward(s)

    ¿vas para el centro? — are you going to o toward(s) the center?

    va para los 50 años — she's going o (BrE) getting on for fifty

    a) (señalando una fecha, un plazo)

    ¿cuánto te falta para terminar? — how much have you got left to do?

    ¿para cuándo espera? — when is the baby due?

    b) (AmL exc RPl) ( al decir la hora) to
    11)

    tengo para rato — (fam) I'm going to be a while (yet)

    esto va para largo — (fam) this is going to take some time

    ¿qué le regalo para el cumpleaños? — what can I give him for his birthday?

    se fue para nunca volver — (liter) she went away never to return

    * * *
    = for, for, for the sake of, in order to, in respect of, in the interest(s) of, in the interest(s) of, so as, toward(s), within, in an attempt to, in an effort to, for purposes of, in a bid to, as a means of, in a drive to, in the drive to, if + Nombre + be + to.
    Ex. For newly created authority entries the date recorded is the date the entry was created.
    Ex. This gamut of information presents the indexer and user with problems in choosing access points for conference proceedings.
    Ex. The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.
    Ex. Any attempt to organise knowledge must, in order to justify the effort of organisation, have an objective.
    Ex. It is perhaps fortunate that the array of terms that are used to describe indexes is a little more restricted than the variety of terms used in respect of catalogues.
    Ex. In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.
    Ex. In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.
    Ex. A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.
    Ex. An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.
    Ex. Most data base producers have in-house guidelines for bibliographic description, and aim to achieve consistency of citation within their products.
    Ex. The first treaty of all was designed to pool the coal and steel resources of Europe in an attempt to overcome the devastation of the Second World War and to foster the concept of European unity.
    Ex. Many libraries have had fine free days or weeks in an effort to entice strayed material back.
    Ex. This article discusses the advantages to libraries of computer technology for purposes of bibliographic control and on-line access.
    Ex. In a bid to leapfrog stages of development, some transitional economies are investing heavily in building up information age infrastructures.
    Ex. The idea of tiered, or multilayered, citation is proposed as a means of testing this hypothesis = Se propone la idea de citar de una forma estratificada o por niveles para comprobar esta hipótesis.
    Ex. The library has contracted out the management of its computerized information system to Dynix in a drive to improve library service.
    Ex. The story of the postwar diner suggests some ways that purveyors of consumer commodities finessed and exploited emergent social dislocations in the drive to expand and diversify markets.
    Ex. Some foods such as vegetable preserves which result from complicated and fragile fermentations must be made at specific times of the year if they are to succeed.
    ----
    * ¿para qué sirve... ? = what's the use of... ?.
    * para abrir boca = as a kind of + appetiser.
    * para actuar = for action.
    * para alguna gente = to some people.
    * para algunas personas = to some people.
    * para algunos = to some.
    * para aquel entonces = by then.
    * para atraer al cliente = window dressing.
    * para beneficio de = for the good of.
    * para bien = for the best, for the better.
    * para bien de = in the best interests of, for the good of.
    * para bien de Alguien = in + Posesivo + best interest.
    * para bien o para mal = for better or (for) worse, for good or (for) ill, for good or (for) evil.
    * para bodas = bridal.
    * para chuparse los dedos = scrumptious, yummy [yummier -comp., yummiest -sup.].
    * para cocinar uno mismo = self-catering.
    * para colmo = into the bargain, into the bargain, to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse, for good measure, to add insult to injury.
    * para colmo de males = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para comenzar diremos que = to begin with.
    * para complicar aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.
    * para concluir = in closing, in conclusion, to wrap things up.
    * para confundir aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.
    * para cuando = by the time.
    * para cubrir gastos = on a cost-recovery basis.
    * para cubrirse las espaldas = as a backup.
    * para decir la verdad = to be honest.
    * para detrimento de = to the neglect of.
    * para diario = everyday.
    * para disgusto de = to the disgust of.
    * para divertirse = for kicks.
    * para echar sal en la herida = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para el año próximo = for the year ahead.
    * para el arrastre = over the hill.
    * para el beneficio de = for the benefit of.
    * para el bien de = for the benefit of.
    * para el caso = for that matter.
    * para el esparcimiento = recreational.
    * para el futuro = for the years to come, for the years ahead, for the future.
    * para el inglés su casa es su castillo = an Englishman's home is his castle.
    * para ello = to that end, to this end, to that effect, therefor.
    * para el ocio = recreational.
    * para el que lo quiera = up for grabs.
    * para embalsamar = embalming.
    * para empeorar las cosas = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para empezar = for one, initially, to start with, to begin with, for starters, first off.
    * para entonces = by then.
    * para escribir con mayúsculas = in a shifted position.
    * para eso = therefor.
    * para este fin = to this end.
    * para esto = therefor.
    * para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.
    * para expresar dimensiones = by.
    * para + Fecha = by + Fecha.
    * para finales de = by the end of.
    * para finales de + Expresión Temporal = by the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * para finalizar = in closing.
    * para fines múltiples = multipurpose [multi-purpose].
    * para futuras consultas = for future reference.
    * para hacer dinero = money-making.
    * para hacer esto = in this.
    * para hacer fundas = sleeving.
    * para hacer juego = to match.
    * para hacer justicia = in fairness to.
    * para hacer las paces = peace offering.
    * para hacerlo + Adjetivo = for + Nombre's sake.
    * para hacer más fácil = for ease of.
    * para impresionar = for effect.
    * para + Infinitivo = for + Gerundio.
    * para jóvenes = youth-serving.
    * para la eternidad = in perpetuity.
    * para la evaluación de hipótesis = hypothesis-testing.
    * para la formación autodidacta = self-instructional.
    * para la gestión de información textual = text-handling.
    * para la posteridad = for posterity.
    * para la web = Web-related.
    * para llamar la atención = for effect.
    * para mantener ocupado = keep-busy.
    * para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.
    * para más información = for further details.
    * para más inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.
    * para mayor información sobre = for details of.
    * para mayor información véase + Nombre = see + Nombre + for further details.
    * para mayor inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.
    * para mí = for myself.
    * para microordenadores = micro-computer based.
    * para nada = in vain, to no avail, without any avail, vainly, of no avail.
    * para no = so as not to.
    * para + Nombre = for + Nombre + purposes.
    * para no ser menos = not to be outdone.
    * para novias = bridal.
    * para + Número = seat + Número.
    * para ordenadores personales = microcomputer-based, PC-based.
    * para orquesta = orchestral.
    * para otra ocasión = for future reference.
    * para para lavarse la cara = washrag.
    * para partirse de risa = side-splitting.
    * para PCs = PC-based.
    * para pelearse hacen falta dos = it takes two to tangle, it takes two to tango, it takes two to make a quarrel.
    * para personas con intereses similares = birds-of-a-feather.
    * para + Posesivo + disgusto = to + Posesivo + chagrin.
    * para + Posesivo + gran sorpresa = much to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para + Posesivo + propio bien = for + Posesivo + own good.
    * para + Posesivo + sorpresa = to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.
    * para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.
    * para + Pronombre Personal = in + Posesivo + eyes.
    * para protegerse = protectively.
    * para que = in order that, so that, seeing that.
    * para que así conste = for the record.
    * para que este sea el caso = for this to be the case.
    * para que esto sea así = for this to be the case.
    * para que no falte = for good measure.
    * para que no falte de nada = for good measure.
    * para que no + Subjuntivo = if + Nombre + be not + to + Infinitivo, lest + Frase Verbal.
    * para que no vaya a faltar = for good measure.
    * para que quede constancia = for the record.
    * para que quede más claro = for main effects.
    * para que vayamos pensando = food for thought.
    * para resumir = to sum up, to sum it up, to make a long story short, to recap, to cut a long story short, simply put, simply stated.
    * para ser específico = to be specific.
    * para ser franco = to be blunt, in all honesty.
    * para ser más explícito = to elaborate a little further.
    * para ser sincero = to be blunt, to be honest, in all honesty.
    * para siempre = forever, in perpetuity, for good, eternally, terminally, ever after.
    * para siempre en el futuro = for the indefinite future.
    * para sorpresa de todos = to everyone's surprise.
    * para sorpresa + Posesivo = to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para su fácil + Nombre = for ease of + Nombre.
    * para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.
    * para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.
    * para terminar = in closing.
    * para toda la empresa = company-wide, enterprise-wide.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * para toda la universidad = university-wide.
    * para toda la vida = lifelong [life-long], for life.
    * para todo el mercado = industry-wide.
    * para todos los efectos prácticos = for all practical purposes.
    * para todos por igual = across the board [across-the-board].
    * para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.
    * para todo uso = all-purpose.
    * para tomar medidas = for action.
    * para trabajos pesados = heavy-duty.
    * para una única ocasión = one-time.
    * para un futuro mejor = for a better future.
    * para uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * para uso del profesional = professional-use.
    * para uso industrial = heavy-duty.
    * para uso personal = for personal use.
    * para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.
    * para vergüenza + Pronombre Posesivo = to + Posesivo + shame.
    * sin parar = interminably.
    * * *
    1) (expresando destino, finalidad, intención) for

    ¿para qué revista escribes? — what magazine do you write for?

    ¿para qué sirve esto? — what's this (used) for?

    ¿para qué lo quieres? — what do you want it for?

    ¿para qué se lo dijiste? — what did you tell him for?

    que para qué decirte/hablar — (fam)

    tenían un hambre que para qué decirte/hablar — they were starving

    2)

    para + inf — to + inf

    3)

    para que + subj: lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me; pídeselo - ¿para que me diga que no? ask him for it - so he can say no?; cierra para que no nos oigan — close the door so (that) they don't hear us

    para + inf: soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it; bastante tengo yo (como) para estar ocupándome de ti I've enough problems of my own without having to deal with yours as well; es (como) para matarlo! (fam) I'll kill him! (colloq); para que + subj: basta con que él aparezca para que ella se ponga nerviosa — he only has to appear for her to get flustered

    6) (en comparaciones, contrastes)

    para lo que come, no está gordo — considering how much he eats, he's not fat

    para el caso que me hacen...! — for all the notice they take of me...

    para + inf: para haber sido improvisado fue un discurso excelente for an off-the-cuff speech it was excellent; ¿quién es él para hablarte así? who does he think he is, speaking to you like that ?; para que + subj: es mucho para que lo haga sola it's too much for you to do it on your own; tanto esforzarme por ellos para que no te lo agradezcan! — after all that effort I made for them they didn't even say thankyou!

    7)

    estar para algo/+ inf — ( indicando estado)

    para mí que no viene — if you ask me, he won't come

    para su padre, es un genio — in his father's opinion o as far as his father's concerned, he is a genius

    ¿qué es lo más importante para ti? — what's the most important thing for you?

    9)

    empuja para arriba — push up o upward(s)

    ¿vas para el centro? — are you going to o toward(s) the center?

    va para los 50 años — she's going o (BrE) getting on for fifty

    a) (señalando una fecha, un plazo)

    ¿cuánto te falta para terminar? — how much have you got left to do?

    ¿para cuándo espera? — when is the baby due?

    b) (AmL exc RPl) ( al decir la hora) to
    11)

    tengo para rato — (fam) I'm going to be a while (yet)

    esto va para largo — (fam) this is going to take some time

    ¿qué le regalo para el cumpleaños? — what can I give him for his birthday?

    se fue para nunca volver — (liter) she went away never to return

    * * *
    = for, for, for the sake of, in order to, in respect of, in the interest(s) of, in the interest(s) of, so as, toward(s), within, in an attempt to, in an effort to, for purposes of, in a bid to, as a means of, in a drive to, in the drive to, if + Nombre + be + to.

    Ex: For newly created authority entries the date recorded is the date the entry was created.

    Ex: This gamut of information presents the indexer and user with problems in choosing access points for conference proceedings.
    Ex: The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.
    Ex: Any attempt to organise knowledge must, in order to justify the effort of organisation, have an objective.
    Ex: It is perhaps fortunate that the array of terms that are used to describe indexes is a little more restricted than the variety of terms used in respect of catalogues.
    Ex: In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.
    Ex: In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.
    Ex: A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.
    Ex: An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.
    Ex: Most data base producers have in-house guidelines for bibliographic description, and aim to achieve consistency of citation within their products.
    Ex: The first treaty of all was designed to pool the coal and steel resources of Europe in an attempt to overcome the devastation of the Second World War and to foster the concept of European unity.
    Ex: Many libraries have had fine free days or weeks in an effort to entice strayed material back.
    Ex: This article discusses the advantages to libraries of computer technology for purposes of bibliographic control and on-line access.
    Ex: In a bid to leapfrog stages of development, some transitional economies are investing heavily in building up information age infrastructures.
    Ex: The idea of tiered, or multilayered, citation is proposed as a means of testing this hypothesis = Se propone la idea de citar de una forma estratificada o por niveles para comprobar esta hipótesis.
    Ex: The library has contracted out the management of its computerized information system to Dynix in a drive to improve library service.
    Ex: The story of the postwar diner suggests some ways that purveyors of consumer commodities finessed and exploited emergent social dislocations in the drive to expand and diversify markets.
    Ex: Some foods such as vegetable preserves which result from complicated and fragile fermentations must be made at specific times of the year if they are to succeed.
    * ¿para qué sirve... ? = what's the use of... ?.
    * para abrir boca = as a kind of + appetiser.
    * para actuar = for action.
    * para alguna gente = to some people.
    * para algunas personas = to some people.
    * para algunos = to some.
    * para aquel entonces = by then.
    * para atraer al cliente = window dressing.
    * para beneficio de = for the good of.
    * para bien = for the best, for the better.
    * para bien de = in the best interests of, for the good of.
    * para bien de Alguien = in + Posesivo + best interest.
    * para bien o para mal = for better or (for) worse, for good or (for) ill, for good or (for) evil.
    * para bodas = bridal.
    * para chuparse los dedos = scrumptious, yummy [yummier -comp., yummiest -sup.].
    * para cocinar uno mismo = self-catering.
    * para colmo = into the bargain, into the bargain, to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse, for good measure, to add insult to injury.
    * para colmo de males = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para comenzar diremos que = to begin with.
    * para complicar aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.
    * para concluir = in closing, in conclusion, to wrap things up.
    * para confundir aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.
    * para cuando = by the time.
    * para cubrir gastos = on a cost-recovery basis.
    * para cubrirse las espaldas = as a backup.
    * para decir la verdad = to be honest.
    * para detrimento de = to the neglect of.
    * para diario = everyday.
    * para disgusto de = to the disgust of.
    * para divertirse = for kicks.
    * para echar sal en la herida = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para el año próximo = for the year ahead.
    * para el arrastre = over the hill.
    * para el beneficio de = for the benefit of.
    * para el bien de = for the benefit of.
    * para el caso = for that matter.
    * para el esparcimiento = recreational.
    * para el futuro = for the years to come, for the years ahead, for the future.
    * para el inglés su casa es su castillo = an Englishman's home is his castle.
    * para ello = to that end, to this end, to that effect, therefor.
    * para el ocio = recreational.
    * para el que lo quiera = up for grabs.
    * para embalsamar = embalming.
    * para empeorar las cosas = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para empezar = for one, initially, to start with, to begin with, for starters, first off.
    * para entonces = by then.
    * para escribir con mayúsculas = in a shifted position.
    * para eso = therefor.
    * para este fin = to this end.
    * para esto = therefor.
    * para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.
    * para expresar dimensiones = by.
    * para + Fecha = by + Fecha.
    * para finales de = by the end of.
    * para finales de + Expresión Temporal = by the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * para finalizar = in closing.
    * para fines múltiples = multipurpose [multi-purpose].
    * para futuras consultas = for future reference.
    * para hacer dinero = money-making.
    * para hacer esto = in this.
    * para hacer fundas = sleeving.
    * para hacer juego = to match.
    * para hacer justicia = in fairness to.
    * para hacer las paces = peace offering.
    * para hacerlo + Adjetivo = for + Nombre's sake.
    * para hacer más fácil = for ease of.
    * para impresionar = for effect.
    * para + Infinitivo = for + Gerundio.
    * para jóvenes = youth-serving.
    * para la eternidad = in perpetuity.
    * para la evaluación de hipótesis = hypothesis-testing.
    * para la formación autodidacta = self-instructional.
    * para la gestión de información textual = text-handling.
    * para la posteridad = for posterity.
    * para la web = Web-related.
    * para llamar la atención = for effect.
    * para mantener ocupado = keep-busy.
    * para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.
    * para más información = for further details.
    * para más inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.
    * para mayor información sobre = for details of.
    * para mayor información véase + Nombre = see + Nombre + for further details.
    * para mayor inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.
    * para mí = for myself.
    * para microordenadores = micro-computer based.
    * para nada = in vain, to no avail, without any avail, vainly, of no avail.
    * para no = so as not to.
    * para + Nombre = for + Nombre + purposes.
    * para no ser menos = not to be outdone.
    * para novias = bridal.
    * para + Número = seat + Número.
    * para ordenadores personales = microcomputer-based, PC-based.
    * para orquesta = orchestral.
    * para otra ocasión = for future reference.
    * para para lavarse la cara = washrag.
    * para partirse de risa = side-splitting.
    * para PCs = PC-based.
    * para pelearse hacen falta dos = it takes two to tangle, it takes two to tango, it takes two to make a quarrel.
    * para personas con intereses similares = birds-of-a-feather.
    * para + Posesivo + disgusto = to + Posesivo + chagrin.
    * para + Posesivo + gran sorpresa = much to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para + Posesivo + propio bien = for + Posesivo + own good.
    * para + Posesivo + sorpresa = to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.
    * para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.
    * para + Pronombre Personal = in + Posesivo + eyes.
    * para protegerse = protectively.
    * para que = in order that, so that, seeing that.
    * para que así conste = for the record.
    * para que este sea el caso = for this to be the case.
    * para que esto sea así = for this to be the case.
    * para que no falte = for good measure.
    * para que no falte de nada = for good measure.
    * para que no + Subjuntivo = if + Nombre + be not + to + Infinitivo, lest + Frase Verbal.
    * para que no vaya a faltar = for good measure.
    * para que quede constancia = for the record.
    * para que quede más claro = for main effects.
    * para que vayamos pensando = food for thought.
    * para resumir = to sum up, to sum it up, to make a long story short, to recap, to cut a long story short, simply put, simply stated.
    * para ser específico = to be specific.
    * para ser franco = to be blunt, in all honesty.
    * para ser más explícito = to elaborate a little further.
    * para ser sincero = to be blunt, to be honest, in all honesty.
    * para siempre = forever, in perpetuity, for good, eternally, terminally, ever after.
    * para siempre en el futuro = for the indefinite future.
    * para sorpresa de todos = to everyone's surprise.
    * para sorpresa + Posesivo = to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para su fácil + Nombre = for ease of + Nombre.
    * para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.
    * para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.
    * para terminar = in closing.
    * para toda la empresa = company-wide, enterprise-wide.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * para toda la universidad = university-wide.
    * para toda la vida = lifelong [life-long], for life.
    * para todo el mercado = industry-wide.
    * para todos los efectos prácticos = for all practical purposes.
    * para todos por igual = across the board [across-the-board].
    * para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.
    * para todo uso = all-purpose.
    * para tomar medidas = for action.
    * para trabajos pesados = heavy-duty.
    * para una única ocasión = one-time.
    * para un futuro mejor = for a better future.
    * para uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * para uso del profesional = professional-use.
    * para uso industrial = heavy-duty.
    * para uso personal = for personal use.
    * para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.
    * para vergüenza + Pronombre Posesivo = to + Posesivo + shame.
    * sin parar = interminably.

    * * *
    A (expresando destino, finalidad, intención) for
    tengo buenas noticias para ustedes I have some good news for you
    ¿para qué revista escribes? what magazine do you write for?
    lee para ti read to yourself
    fue muy amable para con todos he was very friendly to everyone
    ¿para qué sirve esto? what's this (used) for?
    no sirve para este trabajo he's no good at this kind of work
    ¿para qué lo quieres? what do you want it for?
    ¿para qué tuviste que ir a decírselo? what did you have to go and tell him for?, why did you have to go and tell him?
    champú para bebés baby shampoo
    jarabe para la tos cough mixture
    que para qué (decirte/hablar) ( fam): hacía un frío que para qué (decirte) it was freezing cold ( colloq)
    venían con un hambre que para qué (hablar) or para qué te voy a contar they were starving o so hungry when they got here!
    B para + INF to + INF
    está ahorrando para comprarse un coche she's saving up for a car o to buy a car
    esta agua no es para beber this isn't drinking water
    está listo para pintar it's ready to be painted o for painting
    para serte sincero to tell you the truth
    como para convencerse a sí misma as if to convince herself
    para pasar al curso siguiente (in order) to go on to the next year
    no hay que ser muy inteligente para darse cuenta you don't have to be very intelligent to realize that
    nos cambiamos de sitio para ver mejor we changed places (so as) to see better
    para no + INF so as not to + INF
    entró en puntillas para no despertarla he went in on tiptoe so as not to wake her
    C para QUE + SUBJ:
    lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me
    pídeselo — ¿para qué? ¿para que me diga que no? ask him for it — what for? so he can say no?
    para QUE no + SUBJ:
    cierra la puerta para que no nos oigan close the door so (that) they don't hear us
    D
    1
    (enfatizando la culminación de algo): para colmo or para rematarla se apagó la luz to crown o top o cap it all the light went out
    2 (expresando efecto, consecuencia) to
    para su desgracia unfortunately for him
    para mi gran sorpresa to my great surprise, much to my surprise
    no había bastante para todos there wasn't enough for everybody o to go round
    tranquilízate, no es para tanto calm down, it's not that bad
    para + INF:
    apenas tienen para comer they can barely afford to eat
    soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it
    bastante tengo yo con mis problemas (como) para estar ocupándome de los suyos I've enough problems of my own without having to deal with his as well
    ¡es (como) para matarlo! ( fam); I'll kill him! ( colloq)
    para QUE + SUBJ:
    basta que yo diga A para que él diga B if I say it's black, he'll say it's white
    basta con que él aparezca para que ella se ponga nerviosa he only has to walk in and she gets flustered
    B
    (en comparaciones, contrastes): hace demasiado calor para estar al sol it's too hot to be in the sun
    son altos para su edad they're tall for their age
    para lo que come, no está nada gordo considering how much he eats, he's not at all fat
    díselo tú — ¡para el caso que me hacen …! you tell them — for all the notice they take of me …
    para + INF:
    para haber sido improvisado fue un discurso excelente for an off-the-cuff speech it was excellent, considering it was completely off the cuff it was an excellent speech
    ¿quién se cree que es para hablarte así? who does she think she is, speaking to you like that o to speak to you like that?
    para QUE + SUBJ:
    son demasiado grandes para que les estés haciendo todo they're too old for you to be doing everything for them
    para que se esté quejando todo el día … if he's going to spend all day complaining …
    ¡tanto preocuparse por ellos para que después hasta te acusen de metomentodo! all that worrying about them and then they go and accuse you of being a meddler!
    C estar para algo/+ INF
    (indicando estado): mira que no estoy para bromas look, I'm in no mood for joking o for jokes
    estas botas están para tirarlas a la basura these boots are only fit for throwing out o for the trash o ( BrE) for the bin
    no está (como) para salir tan de veranillo it's not warm enough to go out in such summery clothes
    D
    (expresando opiniones, puntos de vista): para mí que ya no viene if you ask me, he won't come now
    para el padre, el niño es un Mozart en ciernes in the father's opinion o as far as the father's concerned, the boy is a budding Mozart
    tú eres todo para mí you're everything to me
    ¿para ti qué es lo más importante? what's the most important thing for you?, what do you see as the most important thing?
    esto es de gran interés para el lector this is of great interest to the reader
    A
    (indicando dirección): salieron para el aeropuerto they left for the airport
    empuja para arriba push up o upward(s)
    ¿vas para el centro? are you going to o toward(s) the center?
    se los llevó para la casa de los abuelos she took them over to their grandparents' house
    tráelo para acá/adentro bring it over here/inside
    B
    (en sentido figurado): ya vamos para viejos we're getting old o ( colloq) getting on
    va para los 50 años she's pushing fifty ( colloq), she's going o ( BrE) getting on for fifty ( colloq)
    A
    (señalando un plazo): tiene que estar listo para el día 15 it has to be ready by o for the 15th
    ¿qué deberes tienes para el lunes? what homework do you have for Monday?
    faltan cinco minutos para que termine la clase there are five minutes to go before the end of the class
    me lo prometió para después de Pascua he promised I could have it after Easter, he promised it to me for after Easter
    ¿cuánto te falta para terminar? how much have you got left to do?, how long will it take you to finish it?
    B
    1
    (indicando fecha aproximada): piensan casarse para finales de agosto they plan to marry sometime around the end of August
    para entonces quién sabe si todavía estaremos vivos who knows if we'll still be alive (by) then?
    ¿para cuándo espera? when is the baby due?
    tengo hora para mañana I have an appointment (for) tomorrow
    C
    1
    (expresando duración): para siempre forever
    tengo para rato ( fam); I'm going to be a while (yet), this is going to take me a while (yet)
    esto va para largo ( fam); this is going to take some time
    ¿qué le puedo regalar para el cumpleaños? what can I give him for his birthday?
    D ( liter)
    (en secuencias de acciones): se fue para nunca volver she went away never to return
    fue puesto en libertad, para más tarde volver a ser detenido he was set free only to be rearrested later, he was set free but was rearrested later
    * * *

     

    Del verbo parar: ( conjugate parar)

    para es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Del verbo parir: ( conjugate parir)

    para es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    para    
    parar    
    parir
    para preposición
    1 (destino, finalidad, intención) for;

    ¿para qué sirve esto? what's this (used) for?;
    champú para bebés baby shampoo;
    para eso no voy I might as well not go;
    para + inf: ahorra para comprarse un coche he's saving up to buy a car;
    tomé un taxi para no llegar tarde I took a taxi so I wouldn't be late;
    está listo para pintar it's ready to be painted o for painting;
    para aprobar (in order) to pass;
    entró en puntillas para no despertarla he went in on tiptoe so as not to wake her;
    lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me;
    cierra para que no nos oigan close the door so (that) they don't hear us
    2


    no es para tanto it's not that bad;
    soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it
    b) (en comparaciones, contrastes):


    son altos para su edad they're tall for their age;
    para lo que come, no está gordo considering how much he eats, he's not fat;
    ¿quién es él para hablarte así? who does he think he is, speaking to you like that ?;
    es mucho para que lo haga sola it's too much for you to do it on your own
    1 ( dirección):

    empuja para arriba push up o upward(s);
    ¿vas para el centro? are you going to o toward(s) the center?
    2 ( tiempo)
    a) (señalando una fecha, un plazo):

    ◊ estará listo para el día 15 it'll be ready by o for the 15th;

    deberes para el lunes homework for Monday;
    faltan cinco minutos para que termine there are five minutes to go before the end;
    me lo prometió para después de Pascua he promised me it for after Easter;
    ¿cuánto te falta para terminar? how much have you got left to do?;
    para entonces estaré en Madrid I'll be in Madrid (by) then;
    tengo hora para mañana I have an appointment (for) tomorrow
    b) (AmL exc RPl) ( al decir la hora) to;


    c) ( duración):


    tengo para rato (fam) I'm going to be a while (yet)
    parar ( conjugate parar) verbo intransitivo
    1 ( detenerse) to stop;

    ir/venir a para to end up;
    fue a para a la cárcel he ended up in prison;
    ¿a dónde habrá ido a para aquella foto? what can have happened to that photo?;
    ¡a dónde iremos a para! I don't know what the world's coming to
    2 ( cesar) to stop;

    ha estado lloviendo sin para it hasn't stopped raining;
    no para quieto ni un momento he can't keep still for a minute;
    no para en casa she's never at home;
    para DE + INF to stop -ing;
    paró de llover it stopped raining
    3 (AmL) [obreros/empleados] to go on strike
    verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹coche/tráfico/persona› to stop;

    ‹motor/máquina› to stop, switch off
    b) ‹ hemorragia› to stanch (AmE), to staunch (BrE)

    c) ‹balón/tiro› to save, stop;

    ‹ golpe› to block, ward off
    2 (AmL)

    b) ( poner vertical) ‹vaso/libro› to stand … up;


    pararse verbo pronominal
    1 ( detenerse)

    b) [reloj/máquina] to stop;

    [coche/motor] to stall;

    2


    se paró en una silla she stood on a chair;
    ¿te puedes para de cabeza/de manos? can you do headstands/handstands?
    b) (AmL) [ pelo] ( hacia arriba) to stick up;

    ( en los lados) to stick out

    parir ( conjugate parir) verbo intransitivo [ mujer] to give birth;
    [ vaca] to calve;
    [yegua/burra] to foal;
    [ oveja] to lamb
    verbo transitivo

    b) [ mamíferos] to have, bear (frml)

    para preposición
    1 (utilidad, aptitud) for: ¿para qué tanto esfuerzo?, what's all this effort for?
    una pomada para las quemaduras, an ointment for burns
    una tijera para zurdos, a pair of scissors for left-handed people
    2 (finalidad, motivo) to, in order to: lo dijo para molestarme, she said it to annoy me
    lo hace para que te fijes en él, he does it so that you notice him
    3 (destinatario) for: es para mamá, it's for mum
    hablaba para los votantes indecisos, he spoke to the undecided voters
    es muy atento para con ella, he's very obliging towards her
    4 (opinión) para Paco todas las mujeres son guapas, in Paco's opinion, all women are pretty
    5 (comparación, concesión) for: para ser tan joven tiene ideas muy sensatas, he has very sensible ideas for his age
    6 (rechazo) para una vez que hablo, me haces callar, the one time I speak, you shut me up
    7 (tiempo) by: estará listo para las cinco, it'll be ready by five
    para entonces, by then
    8 (a punto de) está para salir, it's about to leave
    9 (dirección) el tren para Burgos acaba de salir, the train for Burgos has just left
    iba para tu casa, I was going to your house
    Recuerda que cuando para expresa finalidad, se traduce por to o in order to (este último sólo se usa para evitar confusión): Me voy para ayudarte. I'm going in order to help you. Si usáramos sólo to significaría: Voy a ayudarte. Sin embargo, cuando después de para viene un sustantivo o un pronombre y no un verbo (esta llave es para aquella puerta), se traduce por for ( this key is for that door).
    parar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to stop: para de saltar, stop jumping
    para un momento en la farmacia, stop a minute at the chemist's
    no pares de hablar, por favor, keep talking, please
    2 (alojarse) to stay
    3 (finalizar, terminar) el cuadro fue a parar al rastro, the painting ended up in the flea market
    II verbo transitivo
    1 to stop
    2 Dep to save
    3 LAm to stand up
    ♦ Locuciones: dónde va a parar, by far: mi hija es muchísmo más inteligente que la suya, dónde va a parar, my daughter is far more intelligent than theirs
    parir verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to give birth (to)
    ♦ Locuciones: poner a alguien a parir, to run sb down
    ' para' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - abalorio
    - ablandar
    - abreviar
    - absoluta
    - absoluto
    - acá
    - aceitera
    - achuchar
    - actuación
    - adentro
    - agitador
    - agitadora
    - alcanzar
    - alfiler
    - alguna
    - alguno
    - aliento
    - alquiler
    - alta
    - amenaza
    - añadidura
    - ancha
    - ancho
    - ánimo
    - año
    - antesala
    - antirrobo
    - aplanar
    - aprovechar
    - apta
    - aptitud
    - apto
    - aquí
    - arca
    - arena
    - arrastre
    - arriba
    - arropar
    - atonía
    - atrás
    - atril
    - aunar
    - auspicio
    - baja
    - bajo
    - balde
    - bálsamo
    - bañarse
    - banco
    English:
    AA
    - ability
    - about
    - accessory
    - accommodate
    - achieve
    - activity
    - adapter
    - adaptor
    - adequate
    - adequately
    - admire
    - adult
    - advantage
    - advantageous
    - advertise
    - aftershave (lotion)
    - agitate
    - agree
    - all
    - all-out
    - allocate
    - analyst
    - antiallergenic
    - antibiotic
    - antidote
    - antihistamine
    - antipollution
    - appease
    - application
    - appointment
    - appropriate
    - aptitude
    - argue
    - arm-twisting
    - arms control
    - around-the clock
    - arrangement
    - arson
    - as
    - ASPCA
    - assailant
    - assert
    - assess
    - assume
    - astir
    - astonishment
    - attain
    - attention span
    - attractive
    * * *
    para prep
    1. [indica destino, finalidad, motivación] for;
    es para ti it's for you;
    significa mucho para mí it means a lot to me;
    “¡qué suerte!” dije para mí “how lucky,” I said to myself;
    una mesa para el salón a table for the living-room;
    desayuno para dos breakfast for two;
    crema para zapatos shoe polish;
    pastillas para dormir sleeping pills;
    están entrenados para el combate they have been trained for combat;
    estudia para dentista she's studying to become a dentist;
    esta agua no es buena para beber this water isn't fit for drinking o to drink;
    para conseguir sus propósitos in order to achieve his aims;
    lo he hecho para agradarte I did it to please you;
    me voy para no causar más molestias I'll go so I don't cause you any more inconvenience;
    te lo repetiré para que te enteres I'll repeat it so you understand;
    resulta que se divorcian para un mes más tarde volverse a casar so they get divorced, only to remarry a month later;
    para con towards;
    es buena para con los demás she is kind towards other people;
    ¿para qué? what for?;
    ¿para qué quieres un martillo? what do you want a hammer for?, why do you want a hammer?;
    ¿para qué has venido? why are you here?;
    ¿para quién trabajas? who do you work for?
    2. [indica dirección] towards;
    el próximo vuelo para Caracas the next flight to Caracas;
    ir para casa to head (for) home;
    salir para el aeropuerto to leave for the airport;
    para abajo downwards;
    para arriba upwards;
    tira para arriba pull up o upwards;
    para atrás backwards;
    échate para atrás [en asiento] lean back;
    para delante forwards;
    ya vas para viejo you're getting old;
    esta muchacha va para pintora this girl has all the makings of a painter
    3. [indica tiempo] for;
    tiene que estar acabado para mañana/para antes de Navidad it has to be finished by o for tomorrow/before Christmas;
    faltan cinco minutos para que salga el tren the train leaves in five minutes;
    tienen previsto casarse para el 17 de agosto they plan to get married on 17 August;
    llevamos comida para varios días we have enough food for several days;
    Am salvo RP
    diez para las once ten to eleven;
    Am salvo RP
    un cuarto para las once (a) quarter to eleven;
    va para un año que no nos vemos it's getting on for a year since we saw each other;
    ¿y para cuándo un bebé? and when are you going to start a family?;
    para entonces by then
    4. [indica comparación]
    tiene la estatura adecuada para su edad she is the normal height for her age;
    está muy delgado para lo que come he's very thin considering how much he eats;
    para ser verano hace mucho frío considering it's summer, it's very cold;
    para ser un principiante no lo hace mal he's not bad for a beginner;
    para lo que me ha servido… for all the use it's been to me…;
    ¡tanto esfuerzo para nada! all that effort for nothing!;
    ¿y tú quién eres para tratarla así? who do you think you are, treating her like that?;
    yo no soy quien para decir… it's not for me to say…
    5. (después de adjetivo y antes de infinitivo) [indica inminencia, propósito] to;
    la comida está lista para servir the meal is ready to be served;
    el atleta está preparado para ganar the athlete is ready to win
    6. [indica opinión] for;
    para Marx, la religión era el opio del pueblo for Marx, religion was the opium of the people;
    para mí/ti/ etc as far as I'm/you're/ etc concerned;
    para mí que no van a venir it looks to me like they're not coming;
    ¿para ti quién es más guapo? who do you think is the most handsome?
    7. [indica disposición, estado]
    no estoy para fiestas I'm not in the mood for parties;
    el abuelo no está ya para hacer viajes largos grandfather's no longer up to going on long journeys;
    ¿hace día para ir sin chaqueta? is it warm enough to go out without a jacket on?
    8. [indica consecuencia]
    para su sorpresa, para sorpresa suya to her surprise;
    para alegría de todos to everyone's delight;
    para nuestra desgracia unfortunately for us
    9. Comp
    no es/fue/ etc[m5]. para tanto it's not/it wasn't/ etc such a big deal;
    no llores, que no es para tanto don't cry, it's not such a big deal, there's no need to cry about it;
    dicen que les trataron mal, pero no fue para tanto they say they were ill-treated, but that's going a bit far;
    Fam
    que para qué: hace un calor que para qué it's absolutely boiling;
    este plato pica que para qué this dish is really hot, Br this dish isn't half hot
    * * *
    prp
    1 for;
    para mí for me
    2 dirección toward(s);
    ir para head for;
    va para directora she’s going to end up as manager
    3 tiempo for;
    listo para mañana ready for tomorrow;
    para siempre forever;
    diez para las ocho L.Am. ten of eight, ten to eight;
    para Pascua iremos de vacaciones a Lima we’re going to Lima for Easter;
    espero que para Pascua haya terminado la crisis I hope the crisis is over by Easter;
    ¿para cuándo? when for?
    :
    lo hace para ayudarte he does it (in order) to help you;
    para que so that;
    ¿para qué te marchas? what are you leaving for?;
    para eso no hace falta it’s not necessary just for that
    :
    para su edad es muy maduro he’s very mature for his age
    6
    :
    lo heredó todo para morir a los 30 he inherited it all, only to die at 30
    * * *
    para prep
    1) : for
    para ti: for you
    alta para su edad: tall for her age
    una cita para el lunes: an appointment for Monday
    2) : to, towards
    para la derecha: to the right
    van para el río: they're heading towards the river
    3) : to, in order to
    lo hace para molestarte: he does it to annoy you
    4) : around, by (a time)
    para mañana estarán listos: they'll be ready by tomorrow
    5)
    para adelante : forwards
    6)
    para atrás : backwards
    7)
    para que : so, so that, in order that
    te lo digo para que sepas: I'm telling you so you'll know
    * * *
    para prep
    4. (dirección) for / to
    5. (tiempo) by
    para mí for me / in my opinion

    Spanish-English dictionary > para

  • 10 estropear

    v.
    1 to break (aparato).
    2 to ruin (ropa, vista).
    el exceso de sol estropea la piel too much sun is bad for the skin
    Elsa estropeó a su hijo Elsa ruined her son.
    3 to ruin, to spoil (plan, cosecha).
    siempre tienes que estropearlo todo you always have to ruin everything
    Ese chico estropeó mis planes That boy spoiled my plans.
    4 to age.
    5 to damage, to ruin, to bang up, to batter.
    Elsa estropeó mi auto Elsa damaged my car.
    * * *
    1 (máquina) to damage, break, ruin
    2 (cosecha) to spoil, ruin
    3 (plan etc) to spoil, ruin
    4 (salud) to be bad for
    5 (envejecer) to age
    6 (manos, pelo) to ruin
    1 (máquina) to break down
    2 (cosecha) to be spoiled, get damaged
    3 (plan etc) to fail, fall through, go wrong
    4 (comida) to go bad
    * * *
    verb
    1) to spoil, ruin
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=averiar) [+ juguete, lavadora, ascensor] to break; [+ vehículo] to damage
    2) (=dañar) [+ tela, ropa, zapatos] to ruin
    3) (=malograr) [+ plan, cosecha, actuación] to ruin, spoil

    la luz estropea el vino — light spoils wine, light makes wine go off

    4) (=afear) [+ objeto, habitación] to ruin the look of, spoil the look of; [+ vista, panorama] to ruin, spoil

    estropeó el escritorio pintándolo de blanco — he ruined o spoiled the look of the desk by painting it white

    ese sofá estropea el salón — that sofa ruins the look of the living room, that sofa spoils (the look of) the living room

    5) (=envejecer)
    [+ persona]
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <aparato/mecanismo> to damage, break; < coche> to damage
    b) ( malograr) <plan/vacaciones> to spoil, ruin
    2) (deteriorar, dañar) < piel> to damage, ruin; < juguete> to break; < ropa> to ruin
    2.
    estropearse v pron
    1)
    a) ( averiarse) to break down
    b) plan to go wrong
    2)
    a) ( deteriorarse) frutato go bad; leche/pescado to go off
    b) (Esp) persona ( afearse) to lose one's looks
    * * *
    = break down, mar, ruin, spoil, mutilate, disfigure, vandalise [vandalize, -USA], corrupt, despoil, deface, bungle, fudge, wash out, cast + a blight on, blight.
    Ex. It describes our experience in combatting mould which grew as a result of high humidity and temperatures when the air conditioning system broke down for several days after several days of rain.
    Ex. Unfortunately, much of Metcalfe's writing is marred by what appears to be a deep-rooted prejudice against the classified approach, particularly as exemplified by Ranganathan.
    Ex. Besides, winding up in an exclusive arrangement with a distributor that has rotten customer service ruins any advantage.
    Ex. But if set-off did occur and threatened to set back and spoil subsequent impressions of the first forme, the tympan cloth could be rubbed over with lye to clean it.
    Ex. Prompt responses are required to bomb threats and reports of such dangerous or criminal conduct as sprinkling acid on chairs or clothing, mutilating books, tampering with the card catalog, or obscene behavior.
    Ex. Whichever he chooses he will still have to sift out and categorize the numerous errors that disfigure all the early texts of the play.
    Ex. This article argues in favour of the term 'conservator' rather than 'restorer' of books as the former does not conjure up a picture of the Victorian artisan vandalising documents with irreversible treatments simply for effect.
    Ex. Libraries which have public access computers should take precautions to prevent their systems being corrupted.
    Ex. The main justifications, couched mostly in race-neutral terms, were that the squatters would increase crime, decrease property values, spread disease, & despoil the natural environment.
    Ex. Do not write or scribble in books or otherwise deface them.
    Ex. Regrettably, the well-intentioned publication of Devereux's typescript has been incurably bungled, and Rastell remains without either a complete or trustworthy bibliography.
    Ex. This adaptation of David Leavitt's novel wobbles between comedy and melodrama, ultimately fudging the novel's spiky empathy.
    Ex. Some sections of road washed out by flood waters.
    Ex. Rampant commercialisation of publishing is casting a blight on literature.
    Ex. The global outbreak of swine flu has spread fear through the travel sector, blighting any green shoots of recovery from the financial crisis.
    ----
    * algo que estropea el paisaje = a blot on the landscape.
    * estar estropeándose = be on the way out.
    * estropear el efecto = spoil + effect.
    * estropear el placer = spoil + pleasure.
    * estropearlo = crap it up.
    * estropear los planes = upset + the applecart.
    * estropear los planes, chaflar los planes, desbaratar los planes, desbaratar = upset + the applecart.
    * estropear + Posesivo + imagen = ruin + Posesivo + style, cramp + Posesivo + style.
    * estropear + Posesivo + planes = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.
    * estropearse = go down, sour, give up + the ghost, conk out, go + kaput, be kaput, go to + seed, go + haywire, go + haywire, be up the spout.
    * estropear una relación = poison + a relationship.
    * estropear un chiste = kill + a joke, kill + a joke.
    * que estropea el paisaje = eyesore.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <aparato/mecanismo> to damage, break; < coche> to damage
    b) ( malograr) <plan/vacaciones> to spoil, ruin
    2) (deteriorar, dañar) < piel> to damage, ruin; < juguete> to break; < ropa> to ruin
    2.
    estropearse v pron
    1)
    a) ( averiarse) to break down
    b) plan to go wrong
    2)
    a) ( deteriorarse) frutato go bad; leche/pescado to go off
    b) (Esp) persona ( afearse) to lose one's looks
    * * *
    = break down, mar, ruin, spoil, mutilate, disfigure, vandalise [vandalize, -USA], corrupt, despoil, deface, bungle, fudge, wash out, cast + a blight on, blight.

    Ex: It describes our experience in combatting mould which grew as a result of high humidity and temperatures when the air conditioning system broke down for several days after several days of rain.

    Ex: Unfortunately, much of Metcalfe's writing is marred by what appears to be a deep-rooted prejudice against the classified approach, particularly as exemplified by Ranganathan.
    Ex: Besides, winding up in an exclusive arrangement with a distributor that has rotten customer service ruins any advantage.
    Ex: But if set-off did occur and threatened to set back and spoil subsequent impressions of the first forme, the tympan cloth could be rubbed over with lye to clean it.
    Ex: Prompt responses are required to bomb threats and reports of such dangerous or criminal conduct as sprinkling acid on chairs or clothing, mutilating books, tampering with the card catalog, or obscene behavior.
    Ex: Whichever he chooses he will still have to sift out and categorize the numerous errors that disfigure all the early texts of the play.
    Ex: This article argues in favour of the term 'conservator' rather than 'restorer' of books as the former does not conjure up a picture of the Victorian artisan vandalising documents with irreversible treatments simply for effect.
    Ex: Libraries which have public access computers should take precautions to prevent their systems being corrupted.
    Ex: The main justifications, couched mostly in race-neutral terms, were that the squatters would increase crime, decrease property values, spread disease, & despoil the natural environment.
    Ex: Do not write or scribble in books or otherwise deface them.
    Ex: Regrettably, the well-intentioned publication of Devereux's typescript has been incurably bungled, and Rastell remains without either a complete or trustworthy bibliography.
    Ex: This adaptation of David Leavitt's novel wobbles between comedy and melodrama, ultimately fudging the novel's spiky empathy.
    Ex: Some sections of road washed out by flood waters.
    Ex: Rampant commercialisation of publishing is casting a blight on literature.
    Ex: The global outbreak of swine flu has spread fear through the travel sector, blighting any green shoots of recovery from the financial crisis.
    * algo que estropea el paisaje = a blot on the landscape.
    * estar estropeándose = be on the way out.
    * estropear el efecto = spoil + effect.
    * estropear el placer = spoil + pleasure.
    * estropearlo = crap it up.
    * estropear los planes = upset + the applecart.
    * estropear los planes, chaflar los planes, desbaratar los planes, desbaratar = upset + the applecart.
    * estropear + Posesivo + imagen = ruin + Posesivo + style, cramp + Posesivo + style.
    * estropear + Posesivo + planes = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.
    * estropearse = go down, sour, give up + the ghost, conk out, go + kaput, be kaput, go to + seed, go + haywire, go + haywire, be up the spout.
    * estropear una relación = poison + a relationship.
    * estropear un chiste = kill + a joke, kill + a joke.
    * que estropea el paisaje = eyesore.

    * * *
    estropear [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹aparato/mecanismo› to damage, break; ‹coche› to damage
    2 (malograr) ‹plan› to spoil, ruin, wreck ( colloq)
    este niño se ha empeñado en estropearnos las vacaciones this child is determined to spoil o ruin o wreck our holidays (for us)
    B
    (deteriorar, dañar): no laves esa camisa con lejía que la estropeas don't use bleach on that shirt, you'll ruin it
    el calor ha estropeado la fruta the heat has made the fruit go bad
    el exceso de sol puede estropear la piel too much sun can damage o harm your skin
    si lo estropeas, no te compro más juguetes if you break it, I won't buy you any more toys
    estropeó la comida echándole mucha sal he spoiled the food by putting too much salt in it
    A
    1 (averiarse) to break down
    el coche se ha vuelto a estropear the car's broken down again
    la lavadora está estropeada the washing machine is broken
    2 «plan» to go wrong
    B
    1
    (deteriorarse): los zapatos se me han estropeado con la lluvia the rain has ruined my shoes, my shoes have been ruined by the rain
    mete la fruta en la nevera, que se va a estropear put the fruit in the fridge or it'll go bad
    2 ( Esp) «persona» (afearse) to lose one's looks
    últimamente se ha estropeado mucho lately she's really lost her looks
    * * *

     

    estropear ( conjugate estropear) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹aparato/mecanismo› to damage, break;

    ‹ coche› to damage
    b) ( malograr) ‹plan/vacaciones› to spoil, ruin

    2 (deteriorar, dañar) ‹ piel› to damage, ruin;
    ‹ juguete› to break;
    ‹ ropa› to ruin;

    estropearse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) ( averiarse) [motor/coche] to break down;


    b) [plan/vacaciones] to go wrong

    2 ( deteriorarse) [ fruta] to go bad;
    [leche/pescado] to go off;
    [zapatos/chaqueta] to get ruined
    estropear verbo transitivo
    1 (causar daños) to damage: hemos estropeado la impresora porque usamos el papel equivocado, we have ruined the printer because we used the wrong kind of paper
    2 (frustrar, malograr) to spoil, ruin: ¡lo has estropeado todo con tus meteduras de pata!, you've ruined everything with your big mouth!
    3 (una máquina) to break
    ' estropear' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aguar
    - cargarse
    - dar
    - dañar
    - deshacer
    - destripar
    - joder
    - jorobar
    - perder
    - salar
    - embromar
    - estropeado
    - fastidiar
    English:
    botch
    - break
    - bungle
    - damage
    - damper
    - mar
    - mess up
    - muck up
    - ruin
    - screw up
    - spoil
    - unspoilt
    - wreck
    - disfigure
    - kill
    - mess
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [averiar] to break
    2. [dañar] to damage;
    no juegues al fútbol con esos zapatos, que los estropearás don't play football in those shoes, you'll ruin them;
    la lejía estropea la ropa bleach damages clothes;
    el exceso de sol estropea la piel too much sun is bad for the skin
    3. [echar a perder] to ruin, to spoil;
    la lluvia estropeó nuestros planes the rain ruined o spoiled our plans;
    siempre tienes que estropearlo todo you always have to ruin everything
    4. [envejecer] to age
    * * *
    v/t
    1 aparato break
    2 plan ruin, spoil
    * * *
    1) arruinar: to ruin, to spoil
    2) : to break, to damage
    * * *
    1. (en general) to ruin / to spoil [pt. & pp. spoilt]
    2. (aparato) to damage

    Spanish-English dictionary > estropear

  • 11 efectivo

    adj.
    1 effective, efficacious.
    2 cash.
    3 actual, de facto.
    m.
    cash, money, currency, hard cash.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: efectivar.
    * * *
    1 (real) real, true, actual
    2 (que tiene efecto) effective
    3 (empleo) permanent
    1 (dinero) cash
    2 (plantilla) staff, personnel
    1 MILITAR forces
    \
    efectivo en caja petty cash
    ■ pagar en efectivo to pay cash, pay in cash
    hacer algo efectivo,-a to carry something out
    hacer efectivo un cheque to cash a cheque
    hacerse efectivo,-a DERECHO to come into effect
    ————————
    1 (dinero) cash
    2 (plantilla) staff, personnel
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. (f. - efectiva)
    adj.
    2) real, actual
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=eficaz) [vacuna, táctica] effective
    2) (=real)

    • hacer efectivo — [+ plan] to put into effect; [+ multa, pago] to make payable; [+ cheque] to cash

    su dimisión, anunciada el martes, se hizo efectiva el jueves — his resignation, announced on Tuesday, took effect o became effective on Thursday

    2. SM
    1) (=dinero) cash

    • en efectivo — in cash

    50 libras en efectivo — £50 (in) cash

    efectivo en caja, efectivo en existencia — cash in hand

    2) pl efectivos (Mil) forces

    • efectivos de la Policía, efectivos policiales — police officers

    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo
    1) <remedio/medio/castigo> effective

    hacer efectivo — < cheque> to cash; < pago> to make; <amenaza/plan> to carry out

    2) ( real) real, genuine, true
    II
    1) (Fin) cash
    2) efectivos masculino plural ( fuerzas) (frml)
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo
    1) <remedio/medio/castigo> effective

    hacer efectivo — < cheque> to cash; < pago> to make; <amenaza/plan> to carry out

    2) ( real) real, genuine, true
    II
    1) (Fin) cash
    2) efectivos masculino plural ( fuerzas) (frml)
    * * *
    efectivo1
    1 = cash.

    Ex: The European Regional Development Fund provides cash for regional economic development and recovery in the worst off regions in the Community.

    * dinero en efectivo = cash.
    * hacer efectivo = cash in.
    * hacer efectivo en metálico = pay in + cash.
    * ingreso de efectivo = cash deposit.
    * movimientos de efectivos = cash flow.
    * pagar en efectivo = pay in + cash.
    * pago en efectivo = cash payment, payment in cash.
    * retirada de efectivo = cash withdrawal.
    * reunir el efectivo = muster (up) + the cash.
    * valor efectivo = cash value.

    efectivo2
    2 = effective, efficacious.

    Ex: Normally the most effective way of summarising a table is to produce a simplified table.

    Ex: Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.
    * poco efectivo = ineffectual.

    * * *
    efectivo1 -va
    A ‹remedio/medio/castigo› effective
    hacer efectivo ‹cheque› to cash;
    ‹pago› to make; ‹amenaza/plan› to carry out
    el abono se hará efectivo por mensualidades the payment will be made in monthly installments
    su dimisión se hará efectiva a partir del 15 de enero her resignation will take effect o become effective from January 15th
    B (real) real, genuine, true
    A ( Fin) cash
    efectivo en caja cash in hand
    sorteamos miles de premios en efectivo thousands of cash prizes to be won
    pagó la cuenta en efectivo she paid the bill in cash
    nunca lleva dinero en efectivo he never carries cash
    numerosos efectivos de la policía rodearon el colegio a large police contingent o number of police surrounded the school
    efectivos militares troops (pl)
    * * *

     

    efectivo 1
    ◊ -va adjetivo ‹remedio/medio/castigo› effective;

    hacer efectivo ‹ cheque› to cash;

    ‹ pago› to make
    efectivo 2 sustantivo masculino (Fin) cash;

    efectivo,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (eficaz) effective: es muy efectivo contra los insectos, it's very effective against insects
    2 (valedero, real) su ascenso se hará efectivo el martes, his promotion will be effective from Tuesday
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 Fin en efectivo, in cash 2 efectivos, Mil forces
    ♦ Locuciones: Fin hacer efectivo un cheque, to cash a cheque

    ' efectivo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dinero
    - efectiva
    English:
    book
    - cash
    - effective
    - neat
    - out-of-pocket
    - ready cash
    - virtual
    - ready
    * * *
    efectivo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [eficaz, útil] effective;
    hacer efectivo [realizar] to carry out;
    [promesa] to keep; [dinero, crédito] to pay;
    hacer efectivo un cheque to cash a cheque;
    hacer efectivo un ingreso en una cuenta bancaria to make a deposit in a bank account;
    hacer efectivo un pago to make a payment;
    el técnico holandés hizo efectivo el cambio en el descanso the Dutch manager made the substitution at half time
    2. [real] actual, true;
    su nombramiento no será efectivo hasta mañana her appointment will not take effect until tomorrow
    ♦ nm
    1. [dinero] cash;
    en efectivo in cash;
    pagos/premios en efectivo cash payments/prizes;
    pagar/cobrar en efectivo to pay/be paid in cash;
    ¿pagará con tarjeta o en efectivo? would you like to pay by credit card or in cash?
    efectivo en caja Br cash in hand, US cash on hand;
    efectivo disponible available funds
    2.
    efectivos [personal] forces;
    habían llegado efectivos policiales a number of policemen had arrived
    * * *
    I adj
    1 effective
    2 COM
    :
    II m COM
    :
    en efectivo (in) cash
    * * *
    efectivo, -va adj
    1) : effective
    2) : real, actual
    3) : permanent, regular (of employment)
    : cash
    * * *
    efectivo1 adj effective
    efectivo2 n cash

    Spanish-English dictionary > efectivo

  • 12 destrozar

    v.
    2 to shatter, to devastate (emocionalmente) (person).
    3 to tear apart, to destroy, to shatter, to break down into pieces.
    Eso rompe huesos That breaks bones.
    * * *
    1 (romper) to destroy, shatter, wreck; (despedazar) to tear to pieces, tear to shreds
    2 figurado (gastar) to wear out
    3 figurado (estropear) to ruin, spoil; (corazón) to break
    4 figurado (causar daño moral) to crush, shatter, devastate
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=romper) [+ cristal, cerámica] to smash; [+ edificio] to destroy; [+ ropa, zapatos] to ruin; [+ nervios] to shatter
    2) (=dejar abatido a) [+ persona] to shatter; [+ corazón] to break; [+ ejército, enemigo] to crush
    3) (=arruinar) [+ persona, vida] to ruin
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) (romper, deteriorar) to break
    b) <felicidad/armonía> to destroy, shatter; < corazón> to break; < matrimonio> to ruin, destroy

    su muerte la destrozó — she was devastated o shattered by his death

    2.
    destrozarse v pron (refl)
    a) ( romperse)
    b) <estómago/hígado> to ruin
    * * *
    = shatter, batter, vandalise [vandalize, -USA], wreak + devastation, smash, pull apart, ravage, go out + the window, tear + apart, mangle, dismember, shred, slaughter, blow away, wreck, rip through, pull + Nombre + to bits, wipe + the floor with, rubbish, blight, chew up.
    Ex. Her feeling of well-being was soon rudely shattered.
    Ex. But the early cylinder machines worked less accurately than the platens, tending to slur the impression and batter the type.
    Ex. This article argues in favour of the term 'conservator' rather than 'restorer' of books as the former does not conjure up a picture of the Victorian artisan vandalising documents with irreversible treatments simply for effect.
    Ex. This article describes the experiences of a fledgling information system in dealing with a hurricane which wreaked devastation on some of the most remote areas of Hawaii = Este artículo describe las experiencias de un sistema de información nuevo al verse afectado por un huracán que devastó algunas de las zonas más remotas de Hawaii.
    Ex. The library was badly vandalised and the intruders overturned 10 large bookcases, tore paintings down, emptied catalogues, and smashed intercoms, chairs, tables and windows.
    Ex. If solutions are not found to meet this challenge, users' hunger for multimedia could pull the Internet apart.
    Ex. The rigours of the climate and the effects of war and political unrest have ravaged this country's cultural heritage.
    Ex. The lack of centralisation means that good management goes out the window and everything gets sloppier.
    Ex. He is a stickler for detail and can tear apart a budget or a balance sheet faster than anyone.
    Ex. In places the waters had swept container lorries loaded with goods yards off the road where they now lay twisted and mangled and almost unrecognizable as vehicles.
    Ex. Books can seldom be disbound for the benefit of bibliographers (although it is worth remembering that they sometimes have to be rebound, when they are completely dismembered), but we can now see through printing ink by means of betaradiography.
    Ex. If they do muster up the courage to participate, they have learned what it is like to lose: they describe it as being 'slaughtered,' 'blown away,' or ' shredded'.
    Ex. These small small but very sharp flakes were used by hunters to slaughter animals.
    Ex. If they do muster up the courage to participate, they have learned what it is like to lose: they describe it as being 'slaughtered,' ' blown away,' or 'shredded'.
    Ex. They had made a secret deal with Otto Reich to wreck Cuba's economy.
    Ex. Storms in this part of the world are common and the people didn't seem to bat an eyelid at the prospect of a 135km wind ripping through their town.
    Ex. Microscopists think very little about plucking an innocent and unsuspecting insect from the garden, killing it, and pulling it to bits for study under a microscope.
    Ex. One by one, he wiped the floor with opponents who had spoken in the debate -- with a ferocious blend of rant, rhetoric and rumbustious counterattack.
    Ex. The theory of Scandinavian racial purity cherished by Hitler and the Nazis has been rubbished by new scientific research.
    Ex. The global outbreak of swine flu has spread fear through the travel sector, blighting any green shoots of recovery from the financial crisis.
    Ex. Cattle ranches are chewing up the Amazon rainforest.
    ----
    * destrozar completamente = blow + Nombre + to bits.
    * destrozarse = come + undone, go to + rack and ruin, come apart at + the seams, fall apart at + the seams, go to + ruin.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) (romper, deteriorar) to break
    b) <felicidad/armonía> to destroy, shatter; < corazón> to break; < matrimonio> to ruin, destroy

    su muerte la destrozó — she was devastated o shattered by his death

    2.
    destrozarse v pron (refl)
    a) ( romperse)
    b) <estómago/hígado> to ruin
    * * *
    = shatter, batter, vandalise [vandalize, -USA], wreak + devastation, smash, pull apart, ravage, go out + the window, tear + apart, mangle, dismember, shred, slaughter, blow away, wreck, rip through, pull + Nombre + to bits, wipe + the floor with, rubbish, blight, chew up.

    Ex: Her feeling of well-being was soon rudely shattered.

    Ex: But the early cylinder machines worked less accurately than the platens, tending to slur the impression and batter the type.
    Ex: This article argues in favour of the term 'conservator' rather than 'restorer' of books as the former does not conjure up a picture of the Victorian artisan vandalising documents with irreversible treatments simply for effect.
    Ex: This article describes the experiences of a fledgling information system in dealing with a hurricane which wreaked devastation on some of the most remote areas of Hawaii = Este artículo describe las experiencias de un sistema de información nuevo al verse afectado por un huracán que devastó algunas de las zonas más remotas de Hawaii.
    Ex: The library was badly vandalised and the intruders overturned 10 large bookcases, tore paintings down, emptied catalogues, and smashed intercoms, chairs, tables and windows.
    Ex: If solutions are not found to meet this challenge, users' hunger for multimedia could pull the Internet apart.
    Ex: The rigours of the climate and the effects of war and political unrest have ravaged this country's cultural heritage.
    Ex: The lack of centralisation means that good management goes out the window and everything gets sloppier.
    Ex: He is a stickler for detail and can tear apart a budget or a balance sheet faster than anyone.
    Ex: In places the waters had swept container lorries loaded with goods yards off the road where they now lay twisted and mangled and almost unrecognizable as vehicles.
    Ex: Books can seldom be disbound for the benefit of bibliographers (although it is worth remembering that they sometimes have to be rebound, when they are completely dismembered), but we can now see through printing ink by means of betaradiography.
    Ex: If they do muster up the courage to participate, they have learned what it is like to lose: they describe it as being 'slaughtered,' 'blown away,' or ' shredded'.
    Ex: These small small but very sharp flakes were used by hunters to slaughter animals.
    Ex: If they do muster up the courage to participate, they have learned what it is like to lose: they describe it as being 'slaughtered,' ' blown away,' or 'shredded'.
    Ex: They had made a secret deal with Otto Reich to wreck Cuba's economy.
    Ex: Storms in this part of the world are common and the people didn't seem to bat an eyelid at the prospect of a 135km wind ripping through their town.
    Ex: Microscopists think very little about plucking an innocent and unsuspecting insect from the garden, killing it, and pulling it to bits for study under a microscope.
    Ex: One by one, he wiped the floor with opponents who had spoken in the debate -- with a ferocious blend of rant, rhetoric and rumbustious counterattack.
    Ex: The theory of Scandinavian racial purity cherished by Hitler and the Nazis has been rubbished by new scientific research.
    Ex: The global outbreak of swine flu has spread fear through the travel sector, blighting any green shoots of recovery from the financial crisis.
    Ex: Cattle ranches are chewing up the Amazon rainforest.
    * destrozar completamente = blow + Nombre + to bits.
    * destrozarse = come + undone, go to + rack and ruin, come apart at + the seams, fall apart at + the seams, go to + ruin.

    * * *
    destrozar [A4 ]
    vt
    1 (romper, deteriorar) to break
    la bomba destrozó varios edificios the bomb destroyed o wrecked several buildings
    no hagas eso que vas a destrozar los zapatos don't do that, you'll ruin your shoes
    2 ‹felicidad/armonía› to destroy, shatter; ‹corazón› to break; ‹matrimonio› to ruin, destroy
    me está destrozando los nervios she's making me a nervous wreck
    la muerte de su marido la destrozó she was devastated o shattered by her husband's death
    1
    (romperse): se cayó al suelo y se destrozó it fell to the ground and smashed
    se me han destrozado los zapatos my shoes are ruined o have fallen to pieces
    2 ( refl) ‹estómago/hígado› to ruin
    te vas a destrozar los pies usando esos zapatos you're going to ruin o damage your feet wearing those shoes
    * * *

    destrozar ( conjugate destrozar) verbo transitivo
    a) (romper, deteriorar) ‹ zapatos› to ruin;

    ‹cristal/jarrón› to smash;
    ‹ juguete› to pull … apart;
    ‹ coche› to wreck;
    ‹ libro› to pull apart
    b) ‹felicidad/matrimonio/vida› to wreck, destroy;

    ‹ corazón› to break;

    destrozarse verbo pronominal

    [jarrón/cristal] to smash
    b) ‹estómago/hígado› to ruin

    destrozar verbo transitivo
    1 (romper) to tear up, wreck, ruin
    2 (una tela, un papel) to tear to shreds, rip up
    3 (apenar, desgarrar) to shatter, devastate: me destroza verte así, it breaks my heart to see you this way
    4 (los planes, la convivencia, etc) to ruin
    ' destrozar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    break
    - destroy
    - mangle
    - shatter
    - smash
    - smash up
    - tear apart
    - trash
    - vandalize
    - wreck
    - write off
    - get
    - murder
    - piece
    - pull
    - write
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [físicamente] [romper] to smash;
    [estropear] to ruin;
    el terremoto destrozó la ciudad the earthquake destroyed the city;
    vas a destrozar o [m5] destrozarte los zapatos de tanto usarlos you'll ruin your shoes, wearing them so much
    2. [emocionalmente] [persona] to shatter, to devastate;
    [matrimonio, relación] to wreck; [pareja] to break up; [vida] to ruin; [corazón] to break;
    el divorcio la ha destrozado she was devastated by the divorce;
    ese ruido le destroza los nervios a cualquiera that noise is enough to drive anyone up the wall;
    destrozó a su oponente en el debate he destroyed his opponent in the debate
    * * *
    v/t
    1 destroy
    2 emocio- nalmente shatter, devastate
    * * *
    destrozar {21} vt
    1) : to smash, to shatter
    2) : to destroy, to wreck
    * * *
    1. (en general) to destroy / to wreck
    2. (hacer trozos) to smash
    destrozarle el corazón a alguien to break somebody's heart [pt. broke; pp. broken]

    Spanish-English dictionary > destrozar

  • 13 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 14 судно

    аварийная связь с воздушным судном
    air distress communication
    аварийная ситуация с воздушным судном
    aircraft emergency
    автоматическое выравнивание воздушного судна перед посадкой
    autoflare
    административное воздушное судно
    executive aircraft
    ангар для воздушного судна
    aircraft shed
    аренда воздушного судна
    aircraft lease
    аренда воздушного судна без экипажа
    1. aircraft drylease
    2. aircraft dry lease аренда воздушного судна вместе с экипажем
    aircraft wet lease
    арендатор воздушного судна
    lessee of an aircraft
    арендованное воздушное судно
    leased aircraft
    арендовать воздушное судно
    lease an aircraft
    аэродинамически сбалансированное воздушное судно
    airodynamically balanced aircraft
    аэродромный обогреватель воздушного судна
    aircraft heater
    балансировать воздушное судно
    1. trim the aircraft
    2. balance the aircraft балансировка воздушного судна
    aircraft trim
    безопасное управление воздушным судном
    safe handling of an aircraft
    безопасный срок службы воздушного судна
    aircraft safe life
    бесшумное воздушное судно
    quiet aircraft
    борт воздушного судна
    aircraft side
    бортовая кухня воздушного судна
    aircraft galley
    бортовой регистрационный знак воздушного судна
    aircraft registration mark
    буксировать воздушное судно хвостом вперед
    push the aircraft back
    буксировочный узел воздушного судна
    aircraft towing point
    вводить воздушное судно в крен
    roll in the aircraft
    ведомость дефектов воздушного судна
    aircraft defects list
    весовая категория воздушного судна
    aircraft weight category
    весовая классификация воздушного судна
    aircraft breakdown
    вид воздушного судна
    aircraft category
    винтовое воздушное судно
    prop-driven aircraft
    владелец сертификата на воздушное судно
    aircraft certificate holder
    влиять на состояние воздушного судна
    effect on an aircraft
    вместимость воздушного судна
    aircraft capacity
    внезапное отклонение воздушного судна
    aircraft sudden swerve
    внимание, отвлеченное от управления воздушным судном
    diverted attention from operation
    возвращать воздушное судно
    bring the aircraft back
    воздушное судно
    1. aircraft
    2. ship воздушное судно без экипажа
    bare hull
    воздушное судно большой вместимости
    high-capacity aircraft
    воздушное судно большой дальности полетов
    long-distance aircraft
    воздушное судно вертикального взлета и посадки
    vertical takeoff and landing aircraft
    воздушное судно в зоне ожидания
    holding aircraft
    воздушное судно в полете
    1. aircraft on flight
    2. making way aircraft 3. in-flight aircraft воздушное судно вспомогательной авиалинии
    feeder aircraft
    воздушное судно, выведенное из строя
    disabled aircraft
    воздушное судно государственной принадлежности
    state aircraft
    воздушное судно, готовое к полету
    under way aircraft
    воздушное судно гражданской авиации
    civil aircraft
    воздушное судно для местный авиалиний
    short-range aircraft
    воздушное судно для местных авиалиний
    short-haul transport
    воздушное судно для обслуживания местных авиалиний
    feederliner
    воздушное судно для патрулирования лесных массивов
    forest patrol aircraft
    воздушное судно для полетов на большой высоте
    high-altitude aircraft
    воздушное судно для смешанных перевозок
    combination aircraft
    воздушное судно, дозаправляемое в полете
    receiver aircraft
    воздушное судно, загруженное не по установленной схеме
    improperly loaded aircraft
    воздушное судно, занесенное в реестр
    aircraft on register
    воздушное судно, идущее впереди
    preceeding aircraft
    воздушное судно, идущее следом
    following aircraft
    воздушное судно, имеющее разрешение на полет
    authorized aircraft
    воздушное судно, исключенное из реестра
    abandoned aircraft
    воздушное судно короткого взлета и посадки
    short takeoff and landing aircraft
    воздушное судно, летящее курсом на восток
    eastbound aircraft
    воздушное судно местных воздушных линий
    commuter-size aircraft
    воздушное судно на подходе
    in-coming aircraft
    воздушное судно - нарушитель
    intruder
    воздушное судно, находящееся в воздухе
    airborne aircraft
    воздушное судно, находящееся в эксплуатации владельца
    owner-operated aircraft
    воздушное судно, находящееся на встречном курсе
    oncoming aircraft
    воздушное судно небольшой массы
    light aircraft
    воздушное судно, не сертифицированное по шуму
    nonnoise certificate aircraft
    воздушное судно, нуждающееся в помощи
    aircraft requiring assistance
    воздушное судно обнаружения
    spotter
    (цели) воздушное судно общего назначения
    general-purpose aircraft
    воздушное судно обычной схемы взлета и посадки
    conventional takeoff and landing aircraft
    воздушное судно, оставшееся на плаву
    stayed afloat aircraft
    воздушное судно, отвечающее современным требованиям
    today's aircraft
    воздушное судно первого поколения
    first-generation aircraft
    воздушное судно, получившее разрешение
    cleared aircraft
    воздушное судно по обмену
    interchanged aircraft
    воздушное судно, прибывающее в конечный аэропорт
    terminating aircraft
    воздушное судно, пропавшее без вести
    aircraft in missing
    воздушное судно с верхним расположением крыла
    high-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно с газотурбинными двигателями
    turbine-engined aircraft
    воздушное судно с двумя двигателями
    twin-engined aircraft
    воздушное судно с двумя и более двигателями
    multiengined aircraft
    воздушное судно с неподвижным крылом
    fixed-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно с несущим винтом
    rotary-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно с несущим фюзеляжем
    lift-fuselage aircraft
    воздушное судно с низким расположением крыла
    low-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно, совершающее заход на посадку
    approaching aircraft
    воздушное судно с одним двигателем
    1. single-engined aircraft
    2. one-engined aircraft воздушное судно с одним пилотом
    single-pilot aircraft
    воздушное судно, создающее опасность столкновения
    intruding aircraft
    воздушное судно со складывающимся крылом
    folding wing aircraft
    воздушное судно со средним расположением крыла
    mid-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно с поршневым двигателем
    piston-engined aircraft
    воздушное судно с треугольным крылом
    delta-wing aircraft
    воздушное судно с турбовинтовыми двигателями
    turboprop aircraft
    воздушное судно с турбореактивными двигателями
    turbojet aircraft
    воздушное судно с убранной механизацией крыла
    clean aircraft
    воздушное судно с удлиненным фюзеляжем
    stretched aircraft
    воздушное судно с узким фюзеляжем
    narrow-body aircraft
    воздушное судно с фюзеляжем типовой схемы
    regular-body aircraft
    воздушное судно схемы летающее крыло
    1. tailless aircraft
    2. all-wing aircraft воздушное судно схемы утка
    canard aircraft
    воздушное судно считается пропавшим без вести
    aircraft is considered to be missing
    воздушное судно с экипажем из нескольких человек
    multicrew aircraft
    воздушное судно, терпящее бедствие
    aircraft in distress
    воздушное судно, удовлетворяющее требованиям сохранения окружающей среды
    environmentally attuned aircraft
    воздушное судно укороченного взлета и посадки
    reduced takeoff and landing aircraft
    восстанавливать воздушное судно
    restore an aircraft
    всепогодное воздушное судно
    all-weather aircraft
    вспомогательная бортовая система воздушного судна
    associated aircraft system
    вывешивать воздушное судно
    lift an aircraft on
    вывешивать воздушное судно на подъемниках
    jack an aircraft
    выводить воздушное судно из крена
    1. roll out the aircraft
    2. bring the aircraft out выводить воздушное судно из сваливания на крыло
    unstall the aircraft
    выводить воздушное судно на заданный курс
    put the aircraft on the course
    выдерживать воздушное судно
    keep the aircraft on
    выдерживать воздушное судно на заданном курсе
    hold the aircraft on the heading
    вылетающее воздушное судно
    1. originating aircraft
    2. outbound aircraft 3. departing aircraft 4. outward aircraft вынужденная посадка воздушного судна на воду
    aircraft ditching
    выполнять работу на воздушном судне
    work on the aircraft
    выполнять этап пробега воздушного судна
    roll on the aircraft
    выравнивать воздушное судно
    1. ease the aircraft on
    2. level the aircraft out выруливать воздушное судно
    lead out the aircraft
    выруливать воздушное судно на исполнительный старт
    line up the aircraft
    гарантийный срок воздушного судна
    aircraft warranty
    герметизированное воздушное судно
    pressurized aircraft
    герметичность воздушного судна
    aircraft tightness
    гидровариант воздушного судна
    sea aircraft
    гидроподъемник для воздушного судна
    aircraft hydraulic jack
    гиперзвуковое воздушное судно
    hypersonic aircraft
    государственный опознавательный знак воздушного судна
    aircraft nationality mark
    государство - изготовитель воздушного судна
    state of aircraft manufacture
    государство - поставщик воздушного судна
    aircraft provider state
    государство регистрации воздушного судна
    aircraft registry state
    государство - эксплуатант воздушного судна
    aircraft user state
    готовность воздушного судна
    aircraft readiness
    грузовое воздушное судно
    1. air freighter
    2. all-cargo aircraft 3. freight aircraft грузовое воздушное судно с откидной носовой частью
    bow-loader
    грузовое служебное судно
    cargo aircraft
    грузопассажирское воздушное судно
    convertible aircraft
    груз, перевозимый воздушным судном
    aircraft freight
    давать воздушному судну право
    enable the aircraft to
    давать разрешение воздушному судну
    clear the aircraft
    дальность полета воздушного судна
    aircraft range
    данные о результатах испытаний воздушного судна
    aircraft test data
    дата обнаружения пропавшего воздушного судна
    aircraft recovery date
    движение воздушного судна
    aircraft movement
    двухпалубное воздушное судно
    double-decker aircraft
    двухфюзеляжное воздушное судно
    twin-fuselage aircraft
    держать воздушное судно готовым
    maintain the aircraft at readiness to
    держаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного судна
    keep clear of the aircraft
    деформация конструкции воздушного судна
    aircraft structural deformation
    дистанционное управление воздушным судном
    flight monitoring
    дозвуковое воздушное судно
    subsonic aircraft
    допускать воздушное судно к дальнейшей эксплуатации
    1. return the aircraft to service
    2. consider an aircraft serviceable допуск на массу воздушного судна
    aircraft weight tolerance
    допуск на размеры воздушного судна
    aircraft dimension tolerance
    дорабатывать конструкцию воздушного судна
    after an aircraft
    доработка воздушного судна
    aircraft retrofit
    загруженное воздушное судно
    laden aircraft
    загрузка воздушного судна
    aircraft lading
    заземление воздушного судна
    aircraft earthing
    заказчик воздушного судна
    aircraft customer
    заменять воздушное судно
    substitute the aircraft
    заменять оборудование воздушного судна
    reequip an aircraft
    заносить воздушное судно в реестр
    enter the aircraft
    запасные части для воздушного судна
    aircraft spare part
    запас прочности воздушного судна
    aircraft reserve factor
    запас топлива воздушного судна
    aircraft fuel quantity
    запас управляемости воздушного судна
    aircraft control margin
    запускать воздушное судно в производство
    put the aircraft into production
    заруливать воздушное судно
    lead in the aircraft
    заруливать на место стоянки воздушного судна
    enter the aircraft stand
    засветка воздушного судна
    aircraft flash
    засекать воздушное судно
    plot the aircraft
    зафрахтованное воздушное судно
    chartered aircraft
    зачехлять воздушное судно
    cover an aircraft with
    защита воздушного судна от угона
    aircraft hijack protection
    звукоизоляция воздушного судна
    aircraft sound proofing
    значительное повреждение судна
    aircraft substantial damage
    износ воздушного судна
    ageing aircraft
    инструкция по загрузке воздушного судна
    aircraft loading instruction
    инструкция по консервации и хранению воздушного судна
    aircraft storage instruction
    инструкция по эксплуатации воздушного судна
    aircraft operating instruction
    испытание воздушного судна в термобарокамере
    aircraft environmental test
    испытания воздушного судна на перегрузки
    aircraft acceleration tests
    испытания воздушного судна на переменные нагрузки
    aircraft alternate-stress tests
    испытываемое воздушное судно
    test aircraft
    исследовательское воздушное судно
    research aircraft
    исходная масса пустого воздушного судна
    basic empty weight
    классификационная отметка воздушного судна
    aircraft rating
    командир воздушного судна
    aircraft commander
    комбинированный тип воздушного судна
    complex type of aircraft
    коммерческое воздушное судно
    profitable aircraft
    коммерческое реактивное воздушное судно
    commercial jet
    комплект оборудования для удаления воздушного судна
    aircraft recovery kit
    компоновка воздушного судна
    aircraft layout
    конструкция воздушного судна
    1. aircraft design
    2. aircraft structure контейнер для перевозки грузов и багажа на воздушном судне
    aircraft container
    контуры воздушного судна
    aircraft geometry
    конфигурация базовой модели воздушного судна
    baseline aircraft configuration
    концевой выключатель в системе воздушного судна
    aircraft limit switch
    коэффициент загрузки воздушного судна
    aircraft load factor
    коэффициент использования воздушного судна
    aircraft usability factor
    коэффициент перегрузки воздушного судна
    aircraft acceleration factor
    крен воздушного судна
    1. aircraft roll
    2. aircraft heel 3. aircraft list курс воздушного судна
    1. aircraft course
    2. aircraft heading легкоуправляемое воздушное судно
    handy aircraft
    летать на воздушном судне
    fly by an aircraft
    летно-технические характеристики воздушного судна
    aircraft performances
    линия заруливания воздушного судна на стоянку
    aircraft stand lead-in line
    линия положения воздушного судна
    aircraft position line
    линия руления воздушного судна в зоне стоянки
    aircraft stand taxilane
    линия технологического разъема воздушного судна
    aircraft production break line
    лицензированное воздушное судно
    licensed aircraft
    макет воздушного судна
    aircraft mockup
    малошумное воздушное судно
    low annoyance aircraft
    маневренность воздушного судна
    aircraft manoeuvrability
    маркировка места стоянки воздушного судна
    aircraft stand marking
    масса пустого воздушного судна
    1. aircraft empty weight
    2. base weight 3. empty weight масса пустого воздушного судна при поставке
    delivery empty weight
    масса снаряженного воздушного судна без пассажиров
    aircraft operational weight
    место загрузки воздушного судна
    aircraft's loading position
    место остановки воздушного судна
    aircraft stand
    местоположение воздушного судна
    aircraft fix
    место стоянки воздушного судна
    1. aircraft parking place
    2. aircraft's parking position место стоянки воздушного судна носом к аэровокзалу
    nose-in aircraft stand
    место стоянки воздушного судна хвостом к аэровокзалу
    nose-out aircraft stand
    место установки домкрата для подъема воздушного судна
    aircraft jacking point
    минимум воздушного судна
    aircraft minima
    минимум командира воздушного судна
    pilot-in-command minima
    многоцелевое воздушное судно
    1. multipurpose aircraft
    2. all-purpose aircraft многоцелевое реактивное воздушное судно
    all-purpose jetliner
    модель воздушного судна
    aircraft model
    модифицированное воздушное судно
    1. modified aircraft
    2. derived aircraft монтировать на воздушном судне
    install on the aircraft
    наблюдение с борта воздушного судна
    aircraft observation
    надежность воздушного судна
    aircraft reliability
    направлять воздушное судно против ветра
    head the aircraft into wind
    нарушение поперечной центровки воздушного судна
    aircraft lateral inbalance
    негерметизированное воздушное судно
    unpressurized aircraft
    незаконно захваченное воздушное судно
    unlawfully seized aircraft
    незаконный захват воздушного судна
    aircraft unlawful seizure
    неполная загрузка воздушного судна
    aircraft underloading
    неремонтопригодное воздушное судно
    irrepairable aircraft
    несбалансированное воздушное судно
    out-of-balance aircraft
    нестандартный тип воздушного судна
    inconventional type of aircraft
    неуправляемость воздушного судна
    aircraft uncontrollability
    нивелировочная точка воздушного судна
    aircraft leveling point
    носовая часть воздушного судна
    aircraft nose section
    обледенение воздушного судна
    aircraft icing
    обнаружение и удаление воздушного судна
    aircraft recovery
    обозначение места остановки воздушного судна
    aircraft stand identification
    оборудование для обслуживания воздушного судна
    aircraft servicing equipment
    оборудование места стоянки воздушного судна
    aircraft parking equipment
    оборудовать воздушное судно
    1. equip an aircraft with
    2. fit an aircraft with обслуживание воздушного судна
    aircraft servicing
    общий вид воздушного судна
    aircraft main view
    общий налет на определенном типе воздушного судна
    on-type flight experience
    одноместное воздушное судно
    single-seater aircraft
    околозвуковое воздушное судно
    transonic aircraft
    опознавание воздушного судна
    aircraft identification
    опознавательный знак места стоянки воздушного судна
    aircraft stand identification sign
    опознавать воздушное судно
    identify the aircraft
    определение местонахождения воздушного судна по звездам
    astrofix
    определять зону полета воздушного судна
    space the aircraft
    опытный вариант воздушного судна
    1. prototype aircraft
    2. preproduction aircraft 3. experimental aircraft 4. aircraft prototype осветительное оборудование воздушного судна
    aircraft electrification
    осевая линия воздушного судна
    aircraft center line
    основной вариант воздушного судна
    basic aircraft
    основные технические данные воздушного судна
    aircraft basic specifications
    остановка воздушного судна
    aircraft stop
    ось симметрии воздушного судна
    aircraft axis
    отбалансированное воздушное судно
    trimmed
    отказ электросистемы воздушного судна
    aircraft electrical failure
    отметка местоположения воздушного судна
    aircraft position
    отрывать воздушное судно от земли
    1. make the aircraft airborne
    2. unstick the aircraft отрывать переднюю опору шасси воздушного судна
    rotate the aircraft
    очаг пожара на воздушном судне
    aircraft fire point
    парковать воздушное судно
    park an aircraft
    парковка воздушного судна
    aircraft parking
    пассажирское воздушное судно
    passenger aircraft
    патрульное воздушное судно
    patrol aircraft
    пеленг воздушного судна
    aircraft bearing
    пеленгование воздушного судна
    aircraft setting
    переводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полет
    put the aircraft over
    перегруженное воздушное судно
    overweight aircraft
    передача воздушного судна
    aircraft blind transmission
    передача управления воздушным судном
    aircraft control transfer
    переоборудовать воздушное судно
    convert an aircraft
    перехват гражданского воздушного судна
    interception of civil aircraft
    пилотировать воздушное судно
    fly the aircraft
    пилотируемое воздушное судно
    manned aircraft
    пилот, управляющий воздушным судном
    pilot on the controls
    план восстановления воздушного судна
    aircraft recovery plan
    планирование воздушного судна по спирали
    aircraft spiral glide
    плотность размещения кресел на воздушном судне
    aircraft seating density
    пневматическая система воздушного судна
    aircraft pneumatic system
    поведение воздушного судна
    aircraft behavior
    повреждать конструкцию воздушного судна
    damage aircraft structure
    поврежденное воздушное судно
    damaged aircraft
    подача топлива в систему воздушного судна
    aircraft fuel supply
    подниматься на борт воздушного судна
    board an aircraft
    позывной код воздушного судна
    aircraft call sign
    поисково-спасательное воздушное судно
    1. search and rescue aircraft
    2. rescue aircraft покидать воздушное судно
    1. abandon an aircraft
    2. ball полезная нагрузка воздушного судна
    aircraft useful load
    полетный лист воздушного судна
    aircraft flight report
    полет с частного воздушного судна
    private flight
    пол кабины воздушного судна
    aircraft deck
    полномасштабная модель воздушного судна
    full-scalle aircraft
    поломка воздушного судна
    aircraft wreck
    по оси воздушного судна
    on aircraft center line
    посадка воздушного судна
    aircraft landing
    поставлять воздушное судно
    vend an aircraft
    потеря управляемости воздушного судна
    aircraft control loss
    почтовое воздушное судно
    mail-carrying aircraft
    предел коммерческой загрузки воздушного судна
    aircraft capacity range
    преднамеренное отклонение воздушного судна
    aircraft intentional swerve
    предполагаемое повреждение воздушного судна
    suspected aircraft damage
    предупреждать воздушное судно
    warn the aircraft
    прекращать контроль воздушного судна
    release the aircraft
    приборное оборудование воздушного судна
    aircraft hardware
    прибывающее воздушное судно
    1. inbound aircraft
    2. inward aircraft 3. arriving aircraft приводить воздушное судно в состояние летной годности
    return an aircraft to flyable status
    приземлять воздушное судно
    land the aircraft
    причина неисправности воздушного судна
    cause of aircraft trouble
    проводить доработку воздушного судна
    aircraft embody
    продолжительность обслуживания воздушного судна
    aircraft service period
    происшествие на территории государства регистрации воздушного судна
    domestic accident
    происшествие с воздушным судном
    accident to an aircraft
    пропавшее воздушное судно
    missing aircraft
    просадка воздушного судна
    aircraft mush
    разворот воздушного судна
    aircraft pivoting
    разгерметизация воздушного судна
    aircraft decompression
    разгруженное воздушное судно
    unladen aircraft
    размещать в воздушном судне
    fill an aircraft with
    размещать воздушное судно
    1. accommodate an aircraft
    2. house an aircraft размещение воздушных судно на стоянке
    parking arrangement
    разрешение воздушному судну
    clearance of the aircraft
    раскачивание воздушного судна
    aircraft overswinging
    распределение загрузки воздушного судна
    aircraft load distribution
    расстояние от воздушного судна до объекта на земле
    air-to-ground distance
    расфлюгирование воздушного судна
    propeller unfeathering
    расход топлива воздушным судном
    aircraft fuel consumption
    расходы на аренду воздушного судна
    aircraft rental costs
    расчетное положение воздушного судна
    estimated position of aircraft
    расчетный предел нагрузки воздушного судна
    aircraft design load
    реактивное воздушное судно
    1. jetliner
    2. jet aircraft 3. jet реактивное воздушное судно для обслуживания местных авиалиний
    feederjet
    реактивное воздушное судно с низким расходом топлива
    economical-to-operate jetliner
    регистрация воздушного судна
    aircraft registration
    регистрировать воздушное судно
    register the aircraft
    резервное воздушное судно
    standby aircraft
    резервное оборудование воздушного судна
    aircraft standby facilities
    рейс с гражданского воздушного судна
    civil flight
    рекламный проспект воздушного судна
    aircraft leaflet
    ремонт воздушного судна
    aircraft overhaul
    ремонт оборудования воздушного судна
    aircraft equipment overhaul
    ресурсные испытания воздушного судна
    aircraft endurance tests
    руководство по технической эксплуатации воздушного судна
    aircraft maintenance guide
    рулящее воздушное судно
    taxiing aircraft
    санитарное воздушное судно
    1. ambulance aircraft
    2. hospital aircraft сбалансированное воздушное судно
    balanced aircraft
    сборочный стапель воздушного судна
    aircraft assembly jig
    сверхзвуковое воздушное судно
    supersonic aircraft
    свойственный воздушному судну
    inherent in the aircraft
    себестоимость воздушного судна
    aircraft cost level
    себестоимость производства воздушного судна
    aircraft first cost
    серийный вариант воздушного судна
    production aircraft
    сертификат воздушного судна
    aircraft certificate
    сертификат воздушного судна по шуму
    aircraft noise certificate
    система измерения посадочных параметров воздушного судна
    aircraft landing measurement system
    система обогрева воздушного судна
    aircraft heating system
    система опознавания воздушного судна
    aircraft identification system
    система предупредительной сигнализации воздушного судна
    aircraft warning system
    система управления воздушным судном
    aircraft control system
    система управления воздушным судном при установке на стоянку
    approach guidance nose-in to stand system
    скоростное воздушное судно
    high-speed aircraft
    скорость воздушного судна
    aircraft speed
    служебное воздушное судно
    1. business aircraft
    2. baseline aircraft снаряженное воздушное судно
    topped-up aircraft
    снижать высоту полета воздушного судна
    push the aircraft down
    снижать скорость воздушного судна до
    decelerate the aircraft to
    снятие воздушного судна с эксплуатации
    aircraft removal from service
    совершать посадку на борт воздушного судна
    join an aircraft
    соглашение об обмене воздушными суднами
    intercharged aircraft agreement
    создавать опасность для воздушного судна
    endanger the aircraft
    сообщение о положении воздушного судна
    aircraft position report
    сопровождать воздушное судно
    follow up the aircraft
    сопротивление движению воздушного судна
    rolling resistance
    сопротивление скольжению воздушного судна
    aircraft skidding drag
    состояние готовности воздушного судна к вылету
    aircraft alert position
    спасательное воздушное судно
    survival craft
    списание воздушного судна
    1. aircraft supersedeas
    2. retirement of aircraft спортивное воздушное судно
    sports aircraft
    спутная струя за воздушным судном
    aircraft wake
    спутный след воздушного судна
    aircraft trail
    средства эвакуации воздушного судна
    aircraft evacuation means
    срок службы воздушного судна
    aircraft age
    стапель для сборки воздушного судна
    aircraft fixture
    стационарная установка для обслуживания воздушного судна
    aircraft servicing installation
    степень вентиляции кабины воздушного судна
    aircraft ventilation rate
    степень износа воздушного судна
    aircraft wearout rate
    столкновение воздушного судна
    aircraft impact
    столкновение птиц с воздушным судном
    bird strike to an air craft
    страгивание воздушного судна
    aircraft breakaway
    страхование воздушного судна
    aircraft insurance
    судно на воздушной подушке
    hovercraft
    сухой вес воздушного судна
    dry weight
    сухопутное воздушное судно
    land aircraft
    существенно поврежденное воздушное судно
    substantially dameged aircraft
    схема загрузки воздушного судна
    1. aircraft loading diagram
    2. aircraft loading chart техническая аптечка воздушного судна
    aircraft repair kit
    технология технического обслуживания воздушного судна
    aircraft maintenance practice
    тип воздушного судна
    aircraft type
    тормозная характеристика воздушного судна
    1. aircraft braking performance
    2. aircraft stopping performance точка швартовки воздушного судна
    aircraft tie-down point
    точно опознавать воздушное судно
    properly identify the aircraft
    транспортное воздушное судно
    1. heavy aircraft
    2. transport aircraft транспортные средства для обслуживания воздушного судна
    aircraft service truck's
    тренажер воздушного судна
    aircraft simulator
    тренировочное воздушное судно
    practice aircraft
    турбовинтовое реактивное воздушное судно
    prop jet
    убирать механизацию крыла воздушного судна
    clean the aircraft
    угол пространственного расположения судна
    attitude angle
    угол удара воздушного судна
    aircraft impact angle
    угон воздушного судна
    hijacking
    удаление воздушного судна
    removal of aircraft
    удалять воздушное судно
    remove the aircraft
    указатель положения воздушного судна
    1. aircraft position indicator
    2. aircraft reference symbol (на шкале навигационного прибора) укомплектованное воздушное судно
    entire aircraft
    уменьшение мощности двигателей воздушного судна
    aircraft power reduction
    универсальное реактивное воздушное судно
    go anywhere jetliner
    управление воздушным судном
    aircraft handling
    управляемое воздушное судно
    1. the aircraft under command
    2. under command aircraft управляемость воздушного судна
    aircraft sensitivity
    управлять воздушным судном
    1. control the aircraft
    2. steer the aircraft уровень безопасности полетов воздушного судна
    aircraft safety factor
    условно прозрачный вид воздушного судна
    aircraft phantom view
    усталостный ресурс воздушного судна
    aircraft fatigue life
    устанавливать воздушное судно
    1. align the aircraft
    2. place the aircraft устанавливать воздушное судно по оси
    align the aircraft with the center line
    устанавливать воздушное судно по оси ВПП
    align the aircraft with the runway
    устанавливать на борту воздушного судна
    install in the aircraft
    установленное повреждение воздушного судна
    known aircraft damage
    установленный на воздушном судне
    airborne
    устаревшая модель воздушного судна
    outdated aircraft
    учебное воздушное судно
    school aircraft
    учебно-тренировочное воздушное судно
    training aircraft
    фактическое положение воздушного судна
    aircraft's present position
    фрахтовать воздушное судно
    charter an aircraft
    цельнометаллическое воздушное судно
    all-metal aircraft
    центровка воздушного судна
    aircraft center - of - gravity
    центровочный график воздушного судна
    aircraft balance diagram
    швартовать воздушное судно
    moor the aircraft
    швартовка груза на воздушном судне
    aircraft cargo lashing
    широкофюзеляжное воздушное судно
    wide-body aircraft
    широкофюзеляжное реактивное воздушное судно
    1. jumbo jet
    2. wide-bodied jet широта местонахождения воздушного судна
    aircraft fix latitude
    эвакуация воздушного судна с места аварии
    aircraft salvage
    эволюция воздушного судна
    aircraft evolution
    экипаж воздушного судна
    crew team
    эксплуатационная дальность полета воздушного судна
    aircraft operational range
    эксплуатационная технологичность воздушного судна
    aircraft maintenance performance
    эксплуатационные испытания воздушного судна
    aircraft commissioning tests
    эксплуатационные расходы на воздушное судно
    aircraft operating expenses
    эксплуатация воздушного судна
    1. aircraft operation
    2. operation of aircraft 3. aircraft employment эксплуатировать воздушное судно
    1. engage in aircraft operation
    2. operate an aircraft эксплуатируемое воздушное судно
    1. in-service aircraft
    2. active aircraft 3. aircraft in service электропроводка воздушного судна
    aircraft lead
    электропроводка высокого напряжения на воздушном судне
    aircraft high tension wiring
    электропроводка низкого напряжения на воздушном судне
    aircraft low tension wiring
    электросистема воздушного судна
    aircraft electric system
    элемент конструкции воздушного судна
    aircraft component
    эшелонировать воздушное судно
    separate the aircraft

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > судно

  • 15 plan

    m.
    1 plan (proyecto, programa).
    hacer planes to plan
    plan de emergencia contingency plan
    plan de pensiones pension plan
    * * *
    2 (programa) project
    3 (régimen) diet
    4 familiar (aventura amorosa) fling; (amante) bit on the side
    ■ ¿tienes plan para el fin de semana? are you doing anything this weekend?
    \
    estar a plan familiar to be on a diet
    no ser plan familiar not to be on
    plan de desarrollo development plan
    plan de inversiones investment plan
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) plan
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=proyecto) plan; (=intención) idea, intention

    ¿qué planes tienes para este verano? — what are your plans for the summer?

    mi plan era comprar otro nuevo — my idea o intention was to buy a new one

    plan de choque — action plan, plan of action

    2) [de curso] programme, program (EEUU)

    plan de estudios — curriculum, syllabus

    3) * (=manera, actitud)

    en plan de: lo dije en plan de broma — I said it as a joke o for a laugh

    está en plan de rehusar — he's in a mood to refuse, he's likely to refuse at the moment

    4) *
    5) † * (=aventura) date; pey fling *

    ¿tienes plan para esta noche? — have you got a date for tonight?

    6) (Med) course of treatment
    7) (Topografía) (=nivel) level; (=altura) height
    8) Cono Sur, Méx [de barco etc] flat bottom
    9) LAm (=llano) level ground; Cono Sur (=falda de cerro) foothills pl
    10) And, CAm, Caribe [de espada etc] flat
    * * *
    1) (proyecto, programa) plan
    2)
    a) (fam) (cita, compromiso)

    ¿tienes algún plan para esta noche? — do you have any plans for tonight?

    b) (Esp fam) ( ligue)

    salió en busca de plan — he went out looking for a pickup (colloq), he went out on the pull (BrE colloq)

    3) (fam) ( actitud)

    en plan económico — cheaply, on the cheap (colloq)

    * * *
    1) (proyecto, programa) plan
    2)
    a) (fam) (cita, compromiso)

    ¿tienes algún plan para esta noche? — do you have any plans for tonight?

    b) (Esp fam) ( ligue)

    salió en busca de plan — he went out looking for a pickup (colloq), he went out on the pull (BrE colloq)

    3) (fam) ( actitud)

    en plan económico — cheaply, on the cheap (colloq)

    * * *
    plan1
    1 = agenda, arrangement, framework, plan, scheme.

    Ex: The session on library and information services to people with disabilities addressed on agenda developed out of the feedback from various regional groups.

    Ex: This arrangement is faster than waiting until documents are ordered.
    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex: Plans were made to issue a concise version of AACR1, but these plans never came to fruition.
    Ex: There are forty-six centres in twenty-five countries participating in the scheme.
    * arruinar los planes de Alguien = spike + Posesivo + guns.
    * chafar los planes = upset + the applecart.
    * chafar + Posesivo + planes = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.
    * concebir un plan = devise + a plan.
    * con planes ocultos = agenda-laden.
    * dar al traste con los planes = upset + the applecart.
    * dar al traste con + Posesivo + planes = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.
    * de plan abierto = open-plan, open-planned.
    * desarrollar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * desarrollo del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * desbaratar los planes = upset + the applecart.
    * desbaratar + Posesivo + planes = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.
    * diseñar un plan = draw up + plan.
    * diseño de planes de estudios = curriculum design.
    * echar por tierra los planes de Alguien = spike + Posesivo + guns.
    * echar + Posesivo + planes a perder = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.
    * edificio construido según un plan cúbico = deep building.
    * elaborar un plan = formulate + plan, draw up + plan, think out + a plan, think out + a plan, devise + a plan.
    * elaborar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * estropear los planes = upset + the applecart.
    * estropear + Posesivo + planes = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.
    * hacer planes = plan, make + plans.
    * hacer un plan = draw up + plan, figure out + plan.
    * hacer un plan de emergencia = produce + contingency plan.
    * idear un plan = devise + a plan.
    * organizar un plan = put + a plan in place.
    * persona que elabora el plan de estudios = syllabus maker.
    * plan abierto = openness, open plan.
    * plan a largo plazo = long-term plan.
    * plan alternativo = contingency plan.
    * plan blanco = white bread.
    * plan de actuación = action plan, business plan, plan of action, action statement, road map [roadmap], plan for action, response plan.
    * plan de adquisición de material a vista = approval plan.
    * plan de adquisiciones = acquisitions plan.
    * plan de choque = shock tactics.
    * plan de cómo disponer de Algo = disposition instruction, disposition instruction.
    * plan de compra = purchase plan.
    * plan de conservación = conservation plan.
    * plan de contingencia = contingency plan.
    * plan de disposición = disposition plan.
    * plan de emergencia = disaster plan, emergency plan, disaster recovery plan, backup plan, safety net.
    * plan de estudios = curriculum [curricula, -pl.], syllabus [syllabi/syllabuses, -pl.], school curriculum, study plan.
    * plan de expurgo = weeding policy, weeding project.
    * Plan de Información y Bibliotecas = Library and Information Plan (LIP).
    * plan de jubilación = pension plan, retirement plan.
    * plan de mejora = improvement plan.
    * plan de ordenación urbana = town planning.
    * plan de pensiones = pension plan, retirement plan.
    * plan de recuperación tras un siniestro = disaster recovery, disaster recovery plan.
    * plan de retención = retention plan.
    * plan de seguridad = backup plan.
    * plan de seguros = insurance plan.
    * plan de sucesión = succession plan.
    * plan de trabajo = research agenda, work plan, working plan, work schedule.
    * plan dietético = diet plan.
    * planes de estudios = syllabi.
    * planes + fracasar = plan + fall through.
    * planes futuros = future plans.
    * planes ocultos = hidden agenda.
    * plan estratégico = strategic plan.
    * plan grandioso = grand design.
    * plan maestro = master plan.
    * plan magistral = grand design.
    * plan para después de la jubilación = retirement plan.
    * plan urbanístico = zoning.
    * proponer un plan = come up with + plan.
    * reforma del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * tener un plan = figure out + plan.
    * urdir un plan = devise + a plan.

    plan2
    2 = fling.

    Ex: But the man who became famous for his flings believes celibacy is a revolutionary act to strengthen his spiritual journey.

    * * *
    A (proyecto, programa) plan
    hacer planes para el futuro to make plans for the future
    plan nacional contra la droga national anti-drugs program o plan
    plan de desarrollo development plan
    Compuestos:
    savings plan
    plan of action, plan of campaign
    syllabus
    training scheme
    retirement scheme, retirement plan
    pension plan, pension scheme
    defined benefit pension plan
    defined contribution pension plan
    flight plan
    master plan
    B
    1 ( fam)
    (cita, compromiso): si no tienes plan para esta noche podríamos ir a cenar if you're not doing anything tonight we could go out for dinner
    ¿tienes algún plan para este fin de semana? do you have anything planned o do you have any plans for this weekend?, do you have anything on this weekend?
    no es plan ( Esp); (no es justo) it's not fair, it's not on ( BrE colloq); (no es buena idea) it's not a good idea
    2
    ( Esp fam) (ligue): salió en busca de plan para la noche he went out looking for a pickup for the night ( colloq)
    su marido tiene un plan her husband's having an affair o seeing someone else, her husband's got a bit on the side ( BrE colloq)
    C ( fam)
    (actitud): no te pongas en plan chulo don't get cocky with me! ( colloq)
    hoy está en plan vago he's in a lazy mood today
    lo dijo en plan de broma he was only kidding ( colloq), he meant it as a joke
    como siga en ese plan, acabará mal if he carries on like that, he'll come to no good
    en plan económico cheaply, on the cheap ( colloq)
    nos llevamos muy bien, pero en plan de amigos we get on very well but we're just friends
    * * *

     

    plan sustantivo masculino
    1 (proyecto, programa) plan;

    plan de estudios syllabus
    2 (fam) (cita, compromiso):

    ¿tienes algún plan para esta noche? do you have any plans for tonight?
    3 (fam) ( actitud):

    lo dijo en plan de broma he was only kidding (colloq);
    en plan económico cheaply, on the cheap (colloq)
    plan sustantivo masculino
    1 (intención) plan
    2 (conjunto de ideas, etc) scheme, programme
    plan de estudios, curriculum
    plan de jubilación/de pensiones, pension plan
    3 fam (cita) date: no tengo plan para esta tarde, I have no plans for this afternoon
    ♦ Locuciones: no sigas en ese plan, don't carry on like that
    no es plan, that's not a good idea
    no es plan de que nos quedemos si él se va, it's not fair for us to have to stay home if he goes out
    ' plan' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrupta
    - abrupto
    - anteproyecto
    - auspicio
    - boceto
    - bosquejar
    - chafar
    - concebir
    - cuajar
    - delinear
    - desactivar
    - descubrir
    - designio
    - dinamitar
    - efecto
    - fastidiar
    - garete
    - generar
    - idea
    - idear
    - instrumentación
    - inviable
    - juego
    - mantilla
    - mira
    - pensar
    - pergeñar
    - pique
    - plana
    - planear
    - planificar
    - plano
    - plazo
    - política
    - prever
    - programa
    - proyectar
    - proyecto
    - rechazar
    - rechazo
    - resultado
    - tortuosa
    - tortuosidad
    - tortuoso
    - trazar
    - tramar
    - traza
    - venta
    - ventura
    - viabilidad
    English:
    abort
    - abortive
    - action
    - alter
    - alteration
    - approachable
    - approve of
    - attractive
    - authenticity
    - backfire
    - beauty
    - benign
    - botch
    - bypass
    - cheap
    - concoct
    - contingency plan
    - cook up
    - crystallize
    - curriculum
    - delineate
    - design
    - despite
    - detailed
    - develop
    - development
    - devious
    - disappoint
    - discard
    - distinct
    - drum up
    - elaborate
    - emigrate
    - explain
    - fall apart
    - fall through
    - fallback
    - floor plan
    - follow through
    - foolproof
    - forecast
    - formulate
    - get-rich-quick
    - go
    - half-baked
    - hatch
    - hit on
    - hit upon
    - holiday
    - impractical
    * * *
    plan nm
    1. [proyecto, programa] plan;
    hacer planes to plan;
    tenemos plan de visitarte la próxima semana we're planning to call on you next week;
    ¿tienes algún plan para mañana por la tarde? have you got any plans for tomorrow evening?
    plan de acción action plan;
    plan de ahorro savings plan;
    plan de amortización repayment plan;
    plan de choque emergency plan;
    plan de creación de empleo job creation scheme;
    plan de desarrollo development plan;
    plan de emergencia [para el futuro] contingency plan;
    [como reacción] emergency plan;
    plan de estudios syllabus;
    plan hidrológico water management plan;
    plan de jubilación pension scheme o plan;
    plan de pensiones pension scheme o plan;
    plan de pensiones contributivo contributory pension scheme o plan;
    Hist plan quinquenal five-year plan;
    plan de urbanismo urban development plan;
    plan de viabilidad feasibility plan;
    plan de vuelo flight plan
    2. Fam [ligue] date;
    salieron a buscar un plan they went out on the pull
    3. Fam
    a todo plan in the greatest luxury, with no expense spared;
    Fam
    en plan: lo dijo en plan serio he was serious about it;
    si te pones en ese plan… if you're going to be like that about it…;
    se puso en plan violento he got o became violent;
    Fam
    en plan de: lo dijo en plan de broma he was only kidding, he meant it as a joke;
    vamos a Perú en plan de turismo we are going to Peru for a holiday;
    no es plan it's just not on;
    ¡vaya plan de vida! what a life!
    * * *
    m plan;
    plan de emergencia emergency plan;
    lo dije en plan de broma fam I said it as a joke;
    tener un plan fam be playing around, be having an affair;
    esto no es plan fam this isn’t good enough
    * * *
    plan nm
    1) : plan, strategy, program
    plan de inversiones: investment plan
    plan de estudios: curriculum
    2) plano: plan, diagram
    3) : attitude, intent, purpose
    ponte en plan serio: be serious
    estamos en plan de divertirnos: we're looking to have some fun
    * * *
    plan n
    1. (en general) plan
    2. (actitud) mood

    Spanish-English dictionary > plan

  • 16 вводить в действие

    1. call into being
    2. install
    3. bring into being

    вводить в действие; создавать — bring into being

    вступать в действие, в силу — to come into effect

    флот, готовый к боевым действиям — a fleet in being

    4. give effect to

    полезное действие; отдача — useful effect

    5. go into operation
    6. put into play

    в действии, в разгаре — in full play

    7. put into operation

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > вводить в действие

  • 17 sich

    abkühlen, sich
    (Konjunktur) to cool off.
    abmelden, sich
    to notify one’s departure.
    absprechen, sich
    to come to an arrangement, to agree;
    • sich mit seinen Mitarbeitern absprechen to consult with one’s fellow workers;
    • Schadenersatz absprechen to disallow damages.
    abwechseln, sich
    to take turns, to alternate;
    • jährlich abwechseln (Vorsitz) to rotate every year;
    • in Schichten abwechseln to rotate shifts.
    aneignen, sich
    to acquire, to appropriate, to adopt;
    • sich Geld aneignen to embezzle funds, to misappropriate (convert) money;
    • sich einen Namen aneignen to adopt a name.
    auspendeln, sich
    (Zinssätze) to stabilize at a certain level.
    auswirken, sich
    to bear upon, to take effect;
    • sich auf das Betriebsergebnis auswirken to come through into the results;
    • sich kostenmäßig auswirken to make a showing on costs;
    • sich in einer Preiserhöhung auswirken to result in a price increase;
    • sich schnell auswirken (Investitionen) to pick up quickly;
    • sich ungünstig auswirken to have an unfavo(u)rable effect;
    • sich voll auswirken to be in full swing;
    • sich als Vorteil auswirken to turn out to be an advantage.
    behaupten, sich
    to stand one’s ground, (Kurse) to hold their ground, to keep its head, to keep (remain) steady, to remain firm;
    • sich gut behaupten (Wechselkurs) to hold fairly steady;
    • weiterhin hohe Kurse behaupten to continue to rule high;
    • seine Rechte behaupten to safeguard one’s rights;
    • sich am Schluss behaupten oder leicht abschwächen (Börse) to close steady to slightly lower;
    • sich in seiner Stellung behaupten to hold one’s position;
    • seine Stellung im technologischen Wettbewerb behaupten to keep up in the technology race.
    behauptend, sich
    (Preis) steady.
    behelfen, sich
    to make shift, to manage, to resort to expedients;
    • sich ohne Sekretärin behelfen to do without the services of a secretary.
    belaufen, sich
    to come (mount up, run) to, to reach, to rise, to run into, to make;
    • sich auf 10.000 Euro belaufen to foot up (figure out) to euro 10,000 debts;
    • sich auf das Doppelte des Voranschlags belaufen to come to double the estimate;
    • insgesamt belaufen to aggregate, to total;
    • sich ungefähr belaufen to come near to.
    bereichern, sich
    to line one’s pockets, to make one’s pile;
    • sich an Kinderarbeit bereichern to exploit child labo(u)r;
    • sich öffentlich bereichern to enrich o. s. from public office.
    beruhigen, sich
    (Börse) to settle down, (politische Lage) to become stable, to ease;
    • Gläubiger mit einer Ratenzahlung beruhigen to put off a dun with an instal(l)ment.
    bewegen, sich
    (Preise) to range (vary) from... to...;
    • sich abwärts bewegen to be on the downgrade (skids, US);
    • sich fast einheitlich um die 20% bewegen to cluster around the 20 per cent mark;
    • sich entsprechend der Preisindexziffern bewegen to move in sympathy with the index figures of prices.
    bewerben, sich
    to apply for, to stand as a candidate for (Br.), to run, to [run as a] candidate, to seek, to go up (Br.), (um Lieferungen) to make a bid for, to tender, (um einen Preis) to compete for;
    • sich um ein Amt bewerben to run (stand) for an office (US);
    • sich um einen Auftrag bewerben to make a tender;
    • sich persönlich bewerben to make a personal application;
    • sich um eine Stelle (Stellung) bewerben to apply (run) for a position, to put in for a post (job, fam.), to compete for a job.
    bewähren, sich
    (Artikel) to stand the strain (test);
    • sich nicht bewähren to prove a failure.
    drehen, sich
    (Börse) to turn;
    • sich um ein Thema drehen to run on a subject.
    durchschlagen, sich
    to shift for a living;
    • kostenmäßig durchschlagen to make a showing on cost;
    • auf die Ladenverkaufspreise durchschlagen to work through to prices in the shops;
    • direkt auf die Preise durchschlagen to feed straight through into the prices.
    eignen, sich
    to qualify, to be suitable (qualified);
    • sich als Kapitalanlage eignen to be suitable for investment.
    einbürgern, sich
    to become established;
    • teilweise einbürgern to denizen;
    • wieder einbürgern to repatriate.
    einigen, sich
    to agree, to come to terms, to settle an issue (Br.);
    • sich über die Bedingungen einigen to agree upon the terms;
    • sich mit seinen Gläubigern einigen to compound with one’s creditors;
    • sich auf die Gründung einer Gesellschaft einigen to agree to form a company;
    • sich gütlich einigen to settle a matter amicably, to come to an amicable arrangement;
    • sich auf einen bestimmten Preis einigen to agree on a certain price;
    • sich vergleichsweise einigen to reach a settlement.
    einmischen, sich
    to intervene, to interfere, to meddle, to barge in (fam.);
    • sich in die Angelegenheiten eines Nachbarlandes einmischen to intervene in the affairs of a neighbo(u)ring country;
    • sich unaufgefordert (ungefragt) einmischen to meddle.
    einpendeln, sich
    (Kurse) to even out, to settle down.
    einschiffen, sich
    to embark, to get (go) aboard, to join one’s ship, to go on board, to [take] ship.
    einwählen, sich
    (Computer) to plug into.
    emporarbeiten, sich
    to work one’s way up, to win one’s way from poverty.
    entschließen, sich
    to determine, to decide, to make up one’s mind, to resolve;
    • sich zu einem Kauf entschließen to decide on buying.
    ereignen, sich
    to occur, to happen, to take place.
    erholen, sich
    to recreate, to convalesce, to recuperate, to pick up, (Industrie) to be reviving, (Kurse) to look (pick, prick) up, to recover, to revive, to rally, to rise, to improve, (Markt) to improve, (sich schadlos halten) to make up for one’s losses, to repay (reimburse, recoup) o. s.;
    • sich bei jem. erholen to draw (reimburse o. s.) upon s. o.;
    • sich von einem geschäftlichen Fehlschlag erholen to recover from a business setback;
    • sich beim Giranten erholen to have recourse to the endorser of a note;
    • sich von den Nachwirkungen des Krieges erholen to recover from the effects of the war;
    • sich bei den Schlusskursen erholen to be improving at the close;
    • sich schnell erholen (Kurse) to brisk up;
    • sich wieder erholen (Kurse) to be picking up again, to experience a recovery;
    • sich finanziell wieder erholen to recover financially (one’s strength), to recuperate;
    • sich für eine Zahlung erholen to cover o. s.
    etablieren, sich
    to establish o. s., to set up shop for o. s., to start a business.
    festigen, sich
    to consolidate, (Börse, Kurse, Preise) to [become] firm, to steady, to stiffen, to strengthen, to harden, to stabilize;
    • Dollarkurs festigen to strengthen the dollar price;
    • seine Stellung festigen to strengthen one’s position, to solidify one’s place;
    • Währung festigen to stabilize the currency;
    • sich erneut im Vergleich mit anderen harten Währungen festigen to strengthen again against other major currencies;
    • Wechselkurse festigen to stabilize exchange rates.
    freizeichnen, sich
    to contract out, to exempt o. s. from a liability.
    gesundschrumpfen, sich
    to shrink to profitable size;
    • sich gesundstoßen to make a packet (fam.).
    heraufarbeiten, sich
    to work one’s way (o. s.) up (o. s. into a good position).
    herauskristallisieren, sich
    to crystallize, to take shape;
    • sich herausmachen (Firma) to make good progress;
    • sein Kapital herausnehmen to withdraw one’s capital;
    • Gehälter aus dem Preisindexsystem herausnehmen to disindex salaries from the price index;
    • Geld aus jem. herauspressen to squeeze money out of s. o.;
    • weitere Steuern aus dem Volk herauspressen to screw more taxes out of the people;
    • Gewinne aus einem fallenden und überbesetzten Markt herausprügeln müssen to be forced to slug it out in a slumping and overcrowded market;
    • Geld herausrücken to cough up (US sl.), to fork out (sl.);
    • Zahlungen herausschieben to postpone payment;
    • herausschinden to eke out;
    • Geld aus jem. herausschinden to extract money from s. o.;
    • zusätzliche Urlaubswoche herausschinden to wangle an extra week’s holiday;
    • Geld aus einer Sache herausschlagen to get one’s money’s worth;
    • allerlei Vorteile herausschlagen to gain all kinds of advantages;
    • Unfähige herausschmeißen to weed out the incompetents;
    • heraussetzen (Mieter) to evict, to eject, to turn out.
    herausstellen, sich
    to turn out, to prove;
    • besonders herausstellen (Presse) to feature (US coll.), to highlight (US);
    • sich als Fälschung herausstellen to prove to be a forgery;
    • groß herausstellen to give a build-up;
    • sich als sehr hoch herausstellen (Kosten) to come rather high;
    • sich als missglückt herausstellen (Anlage) to turn sour;
    • sich als Vorteil herausstellen to turn out to be an advantage.
    hinschleppen, sich
    to drag on.
    konkretisieren, sich
    (Forderung) to crystallize.
    konstituieren, sich
    (parl.) to assemble;
    • Ausschuss konstituieren to appoint a committee;
    • sich als eingetragene Gesellschaft konstituieren to form themselves into a registered corporation.
    kreuzen, sich
    to intersect, (Interessen) to clash, to run counter, (Straße) to cross.
    kristallisieren, sich
    to crystallize.
    kräftigen, sich
    (Kurs) to improve, to recover, (Markt) to strengthen;
    • Dollarkurs kräftigen to strengthen the dollar price.
    lebensversichern, sich
    to assure one’s life with a company (Br.);
    • sich für 20.000 L lebensversichern to insure (assure, Br.) o. s. for L 20,000;
    • sich gegenseitig lebensversichern to insure one’s own life for the benefit of the other;
    • seine Schlüsselkräfte lebensversichern to take out life policies on one’s key man.
    liieren, sich
    (Gesellschafter) to unite, to join, to associate, to become a partner.
    massieren, sich
    (Aufträge) to pile up.
    niederlassen, sich
    to set up for o. s., to take up one’s abode (domicile, residence), to locate, (Wohnsitz) to settle down;
    • sich als Anwalt niederlassen to settle down in the practice of law;
    • sich als Arzt niederlassen to put up (hang out) one’s shingle;
    • sich als Buchhändler niederlassen to establish o. s. (set up business) as a bookseller;
    • sich für dauernd niederlassen to settle down for good;
    • sich geschäftlich niederlassen to establish o. s. as a businessman, to set up for o. s., to set up shop, to set o. s. up in business;
    • sich im Hauptgeschäftsviertel niederlassen to fix one’s residence in the city;
    • sich widerrechtlich niederlassen to abate.
    rentieren, sich
    to pay [its way (for costs)], to pay well, to bring a return, (Betrieb) to be profitable, (Ware) to leave a margin;
    • sich gut rentieren to yield good profits;
    • sich nicht rentieren not to be worthwhile;
    • sich noch rentieren to break even;
    • sich gerade noch rentieren to wash its face (Br. sl.);
    • sich in zehn Jahren rentieren to pay its way in ten years.
    stabilisieren, sich
    to become stable;
    • Preise stabilisieren to stabilize (peg) prices.
    treffen, sich
    to meet, to gather, to assemble;
    • Abkommen treffen to come to an agreement (terms);
    • Anordnungen treffen to prescribe;
    • Auslese treffen to cull;
    • Buchung treffen to pass (effect) an entry;
    • Freigabeverfügungen für die Wirtschaftshilfe treffen to loosen its grip on the economic-aid purse strings;
    • auf Öl treffen to strike oil;
    • Steuerzahler heftig treffen to clobber the taxpayers;
    • Übereinkommen treffen to compact;
    • Übereinkunft treffen to come to an arrangement;
    • Verabredung treffen to make (fix) an appointment;
    • Verbraucher unmittelbar treffen to fall directly onto the consumer;
    • vorläufige Vereinbarung treffen to make a provisional arrangement;
    • Vorbereitungen (Vorkehrungen) treffen to make preparations;
    • Vorsichtsmaßregeln treffen to take precautionary measures.
    unterordnen, sich
    to subordinate o. s.
    verausgaben, sich
    to spend beyond one’s means, to run short of money.
    verbürgen, sich
    to [a]vouch, to undertake, to warrant, to guarantee, to stand surety, to bail;
    • sich für einen Bericht verbürgen to warrant a report;
    • sich für jds. Ehrlichkeit und Zuverlässigkeit verbürgen to warrant s. o. an honest and reliable person;
    • sich für eine Schuld verbürgen to answer for a debt;
    • sich für jds. Zahlungsfähigkeit verbürgen to vouch for s. one's ability to pay.
    verkalkulieren, sich
    to miscalculate, to overshoot.
    vermehren, sich
    to multiply;
    • sein Vermögen vermehren to enlarge one’s fortune;
    • Zahlungsmittelumlauf vermehren to expand the currency.
    verschulden, sich
    to run into debt, to take on debts, to involve o. s. (get into) debt, to outrun the constable (Br.), to run up a score (Br.);
    • sich kurzfristig erheblich verschulden to borrow heavily on a short-term basis;
    • sich erneut verschulden to run into debt again;
    • sich total verschulden (Staat) to plunge into debt;
    • sich ungewöhnlich verschulden to go into debt at a record chip (US).
    verschätzen, sich
    to be out in one’s calculation[s] (estimate).
    verspekulieren, sich
    to lose money by bad investment.
    verspäten, sich
    (Schiff, Zug) to be overdue (behind schedule, US).
    versteifen, sich
    (Markt) to tighten [up].
    verzweigen, sich
    to branch out.
    zurückhalten, sich
    to keep a low profile, (Börse) to stay on the sidelines, (Verbraucher) to hold back, to resist;
    • Aktien in Erwartung von Kurssteigerungen zurückhalten to hold stocks for a rise;
    • Informationsmaterial zurückhalten to hold back information;
    • Mittel zurückhalten to bottle up funds;
    • sich mit der Verwirklichung geplanter Kapazitätsausweitungen zurückhalten to hold back on bringing in planned new capacity;
    • restliche Ware zurückhalten to hold over the rest of the goods;
    • Waren unberechtigt zurückhalten to wrongfully detain goods.
    zurückmelden, sich
    to report one’s return;
    • sich vom Urlaub zurückmelden to report back from leave (one’s return).
    zusammenschließen, sich
    to amalgamate, to merge, to combine, to consolidate (US), (pol.) to unite, to fuse;
    • Arbeiter in einer Gewerkschaft zusammenschließen to unite workers in a trade union;
    • Firmen (Gesellschaften) zusammenschließen to consolidate business companies;
    • sich zu einem Kartell zusammenschließen to join a cartel;
    • sich in einem großen Unternehmen zusammenschließen to merge into one large organization;
    • sich zu einem Verein zusammenschließen to club.
    ändern, sich
    to vary;
    • Eintragung ändern to rectify (alter) an entry;
    • nachträglich ändern (Wechsel) to alter materially;
    • zweckentsprechend ändern to adapt.
    überschneiden, sich
    to overlap, to intersect, (Ereignisse) to clash;
    • sich mit einem anderen Termin überschneiden to clash with another date.

    Business german-english dictionary > sich

  • 18 Computers

       The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)
       It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....
       The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)
       The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)
       In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)
       A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.
       In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....
       It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)
       [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)
       he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)
       t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.
       Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)
       According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)
       What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.
       What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.
       In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

  • 19 быстрый

    прил.
    1. quick; 2. fast; 3. rapid; 4. swift; 5. speedy; 6. prompt
    Русское прилагательное быстрый употребляется во многих ситуациях и характеризует как само движение, так и период времени, затрачиваемый для чего-либо, и характер самого действия. В английском языке все эти аспекты различаются и передаются разными словами.
    1. quick — быстрый, скорый, незамедлительный (характеризует не столько темп движения или действия, сколько их безотлагательность и кратковременность; нередко подразумевает готовность к действию): a quick mind — живой ум; a quick eye (ear) — острый глаз (слух); а quick answer — быстрый ответ; a quick look (step) — быстрый взгляд (шаг); quick service — быстрое обслуживание/немедленное обслуживание; quick hands — проворные руки; quick in one's movements — быстрый в движениях; with a quick movement — быстрым движением; to be quick in actions — быть проворным/быть шустрым; to be quick in gripping/the idea — быстро схватывать идею; to be quick to find it out — быстро выяснить что-то; to be quick to do smth — быстро сделать что-либо/немедля сделать что-либо; to be quick to learn (to understand) — быстро схватывать (понимать) The medicine has a quick effect. — Лекарство быстро действует/Лекарство быстро помогает. You are too quick for me. — Вы говорите слишком быстро, и я не успеваю за вами. Be quick! — Поторапливайся!/Скорее!/Не медли! She is quick at languages. — Она быстро усваивает языки. Не is quick at games. — Он быстр в игре. She is quick in answering. — Она находчива в ответах./Она сообразительна в ответах. Boys are quick at such things. — Мальчики обычно сообразительны в таких вопросах. The boys were quick with their fists. — Мальчики быстро пустили в ход кулаки./Мальчики не медля пустили в ход кулаки. Не was quick with an emphatic refusal. — Он тотчас же категорически отказал. Не wanted to catch me, but 1 was too quick for him. — Он хотел меня поймать, но я оказался проворнее его. Не is quick for his weight (his age). — Он подвижен несмотря на свой вес (на свой возраст). Не is quick to take alarm. — Он легко поддается панике. Не is quick to take offence. — Он легко обижается./Он обидчив. Не was quick lo take the opportunity. — Он не медля воспользовался такой возможиостью./Он сейчас же воспользовался такой возможностью./Он не замедлил воспользоваться такой возможностью. Be slow to promise, but quick to perform. — He давши слова крепись, а давши — держись.
    2. fast — быстрый, скорый (прилагательное fast чаще сочетается с существительными, обозначающими движущиеся объекты): а fast train — скорый поезд; a fast boat — скоростной катер; a fast car — скоростная машина; a fast horse — быстрый конь, а fast tank — быстроходный танк Не is a fast worker (reader). — Он быстро работает (читает). Не is a fast runner. — Он быстро бегает. Go faster! — Иди быстрее. The watch is 10 minutes fast. — Часы спешат на десять минут.
    3. rapid — быстрый, скорый (в отличие от fast прилагательное rapid характеризует само действие; rapid нередко предполагает завершение действия в очень небольшой период времени или неожиданно быстрый темп развития действия): rapid movement — быстрое движение; rapid growth — быстрый рост; rapid progress — быстрое продвижение вперед/быстрый прогресс/быстрoe развитие; rapid recovery — быстрое выздоровление; rapid thinking — быстрая сообразительность/быстрый ум; rapid gait — торопливая походка/быстрые шаги; rapid thinker — быстро соображающий человек; rapid stream — бурный поток; rapid river — быстрая река/бурная река; rapid events — быстрая смена событий; rapid analysis — экспресс-анализ; rapid heart — учащенное сердцебиение/тахикардия; to take a rapid glance — бросить беглый взгляд/взглянуть мельком It was a rapid journey. — Это было короткое путешествие./Это путешествие быстро закончилось. Не is a rapid worker. — Он быстро работает./Он проворный работник. They asked questions in a rapid succession. — Они задавали один вопрос за другим. The school promises a rapid result in learning languages. — Обещают, что в этой школе ученики быстро овладеют языками.
    4. swift — быстрый, скорый ( прилагательное характеризует само движение): swift glance — быстрый взгляд; swift car — скоростной автомобиль; а swift running river — быстротекущая река; swift in his movements — быстрый в движениях; swift of foot — быстроногий; as swift as an arrow — быстрый как стрела/с быстротой молнии/молниеносно She is a swift runner. — Она быстро бегает. Не gave them a swift reply. — Он им быстро ответил./Он ответил им не задумываясь. She made a swift movement and was gone. — Она сделала быстрое движение и убежала.
    5. speedy — быстрый, скорый, проворный, прыткий, незамедлительный, безотлагательный ( происходящий за очень небольшой период времени): a speedy growth — быстрый рост; speedy hands — проворные руки; speedy gallop — быстрый галоп; speedy reply — быстрый ответ; speedy progress — быстрое развитие We all wish you a speedy recovery. — Мы все желаем вам побыстрее поправиться./Мы все желаем вам скорейшего выздоровления. That was a speedy work. — Эта быстро сделанная работа./На эту работу ушло немного времени. Не is a speedy worker. — Он проворный работник./Он все делает быстро./Он все делает в темпе. They provide the speediest service in town. — Они обеспечивают в городе самое быстрое обслуживание,
    6. prompt —быстрый, проворный, немедленный, незамедлительный (то, что не занимает большого времени, делается не откладывая): prompt actions — немедленные действия; prompt decisions — быстрые решения; prompt cash — расчет немедленно наличными; prompt payment — немедленный платеж/своевременная уплата; to be prompt to carry (out) an order— быстро выполнить приказание; to be prompt in action/to act — действовать быстро/действовать без промедления; to give a prompt answer — ответить немедленно The service here is very prompt. — Здесь быстро обслуживают. We would appreciate a prompt reply. — Мы будем благодарны, если вы незамедлительно ответите. Не wrote a prompt answer to my letter. — Он не замедлил с ответом на мое письмо. Prompt payment of bills helps to make a good credit history. — Своевременная оплата счетов способствует созданию хорошей кредитной истории ( в банке). This worker is always prompt in his duties. — Этот работник всегда быстро

    Русско-английский объяснительный словарь > быстрый

  • 20 от

    агрегат с приводом от двигателя
    engine-driven unit
    блок индикатора отклонения от линии пути
    across track display unit
    боковое отклонение от курса
    across-track error
    вихрь от законцовки крыла
    wing-tip vortex
    вихрь от предыдущей лопасти
    leading blade vortex
    влияние отражения от поверхности земли
    ground reflection effect
    влияние спутной струи от воздушного винта
    slipstream effect
    внимание, отвлеченное от управления воздушным судном
    diverted attention from operation
    воздух, отбираемый от компрессора
    compressor-bleed air
    вредное воздействие шума от воздушных судов
    aircraft noise pollution
    генератор с приводом от двигателя
    engine-driven generator
    данные, полученные от наземных служб
    ground-derived data
    держаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного судна
    keep clear of the aircraft
    допустимый запас высоты от колес до порога ВПП
    threshold wheel clearance
    доход от перевозки грузов
    freight revenue
    доход от перевозки пассажиров
    passenger revenue
    доход от перевозки срочных грузов
    express revenue
    доход от эксплуатации
    1. operating revenue
    2. operating income заборник воздуха для надува топливных баков от скоростного напора
    ram air assembly
    зависимость коммерческой загрузки от дальности полета
    payload versus range
    завихрение от реактивной струи
    jet wash
    запуск от внешнего источника
    starting on external power
    защита воздушного судна от угона
    aircraft hijack protection
    защита от коррозии
    corrosion prevention
    защита от обледенения
    1. ice protection
    2. anti-icing защита от сдвига ветром
    wind-shear protection
    защитное устройство от повышения частоты
    underfrequency protection device
    защищенность от шума
    noise immunity
    зона, свободная от помех
    interference-free area
    зона, свободная от препятствий
    obstacle free zone
    индикатор отклонения от линии пути
    across track display
    Комитет по охране окружающей среды от воздействия авиации
    Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection
    кривая зависимости коммерческой от дальности полета
    payload-range curve
    линейное отклонение от курса
    along-track error
    линия ограничения отклонения от глиссады
    glide slope limit line
    линия отклонения от курса
    course curvature
    маршрут полета в направлении от вторичных радиосредств
    track from secondary radio facility
    нагрузка в полете от поверхности управления
    flight control load
    нагрузка от сопротивления
    resisting load
    несущий винт с приводом от двигателя
    power-driven rotor
    освобождение от таможенных формальностей
    customs formalities clearance
    освобождение от уплаты пошлины
    relief from duties
    отбирать воздух от компрессора
    tap air from the compressor
    отдавать ручку управления от себя
    push the control stick
    отдавать штурвал от себя
    push the control column
    отклонение от заданного курса
    deviation from the course
    отклонение от курса
    1. course shift
    2. course scalloping 3. course displacement отклонение от курса полета
    deviation
    отклонение от линии горизонтального полета
    deviation from the level flight
    отклонение от линии пути
    across-track displacement
    отклонение от прямого пути
    obliquity
    отклонение от технических условий
    departure from specifications
    отклонение от установленных стандартов
    departure from the standards
    отклоняться от
    diverge from
    отклоняться от глиссады
    deviate from the glide slope
    отклоняться от заданного курса
    deviate from the heading
    отклоняться от курса
    deviate
    отклоняться от плана полета
    deviate from the flight plan
    отпечаток от пневматики
    tire footprint
    отрывать воздушное судно от земли
    1. unstick the aircraft
    2. make the aircraft airborne отрываться от земли
    1. come clear of the ground
    2. get off отступать от установленных правил
    depart from the rules
    панорамный указатель отклонения от курса
    pictorial deviation indicator
    полет в направлении от станции
    flight outbound the station
    полоса, свободная от препятствий
    clearway
    помехи от авиационных объектов
    aviation-to-aviation type of interference
    помехи от авиационных средств связи
    air clutter
    помехи от давления
    pressure disturbance
    помехи от системы зажигания
    ignition noise
    помехи от смежного канала
    adjacent channel interference
    потери от трения
    drag penalties
    преждевременный отрыв от земли
    premature liftoff
    радиолокационное отражение от поверхности моря
    radar sea echo
    радиолокационное отражение от поверхности суши
    radar terrain echo
    разворот с креном от центра разворота
    outside turn
    раздражающее воздействие шума от воздушного суд
    aircraft noise annoyance
    расстояние бокового отклонения от курса
    cross track distance
    расстояние от воздушного судна до объекта на земле
    air-to-ground distance
    резкий отворот от линии курса
    breakaway manoeuvre
    сигнал отклонения от глиссады
    1. glide slope error
    2. off-slope signal сигнал отклонения от курса
    off-course signal
    сигнал отклонения от курса на маяк
    localizer-error signal
    система сигнализации отклонения от курса
    deviation warning system
    следы от шариков
    ball indentations
    с приводом от двигателя
    power-operated
    турбина с приводом от выхлопных газов
    power recovery turbine
    турбина с приводом от набегающего потока
    ram-air turbine
    удостоверение об освобождении от уплаты пошлины
    tax clearance certificate
    указатель отклонения от глиссады
    glide slope pointer
    указатель отклонения от курса
    1. course deviation indicator
    2. deviometer указатель отклонения от курса по радиомаяку
    localizer deviation pointer
    указатель отклонения от маршрута
    off-track indicator
    уклоняться от заданного курса
    be off the track
    уменьшать величину отклонения от курса
    decrease the deviation
    усилие на органах управления от автомата загрузки
    artificial feel
    фланец отбора воздуха от двигателя
    engine air bleed flange
    шкала отклонения от глиссады
    glide slope deviation scale
    шкала отклонения от курса по радиомаяку
    localizer deviation scale
    шум от несущего винта
    main rotor noise
    шум от системы кондиционирования
    environment control system noise
    шум от системы увеличения подъемной силы
    augmented lift system noise
    элерон с жестким управлением от штурвала
    manual aileron
    элерон с приводом от гидроусилителя
    powered aileron
    эмиссия от двигателей
    engine emission

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > от

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